Oversikt over prosjekt høstgjødsling 2014-2017. Seminar: Winter stress management of turf grass Oslo airport, 9. november 2017 Agnar Kvalbein Pensjonert forsker & rådgiver Norsk Institutt for Bioøkonomi (NIBIO)
De nordiske land 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Høstgjødsling og overlevelse av gress 2
Island Norge Finland Sverige Danmark Gjennomsnittlig lengde av vekstsesongen 1961-90 (Døgnmiddeltemperatur over 5 C) 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 3
Gjennomsnittlig lengde av vintersesognen 1961-90 (Døgnmiddeltemperatur under 0 C) 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 4
Nordiske greenkeepere er eksperter på overvintring 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 5
NIBIO Turfgrass Research Group er eksperter på feltforsøk som også omfatter overvintringsforsøk 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 6
Skjøtsel Genetisk materiale Miljø Tilførsler Drenering Beskyttelse Arter Økotyper Jord Klima Sykdommer Overlevelse av gress Beskyttelse mot mikroorganismer Frostbeskyttelsesmidler Organiske reserver Molekylære endringer Herding Lav temperatur om høsten
Tilførsel av ulike produkter om høsten for å bedre overvintringa: Kjemiske soppmidler. Effektive, men Bio-stimulanter. Ingen vitenskapelige bevis for bedre overvintring Plantenæringsstoffer Mange påstander, men er signifikant virkning dokumentert? Unntak: NITROGEN! 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 8
Nitrogen-konsentrasjonen i planten har stor virkning på tilveksten: 1. Økt produksjon av tørrstoff 2. Rot/skudd-forholdet avtar Nitrogen er viktig for vekst. Dette bildet viser hvordan nitrogeninnholdet i bladene virket på skuddveksten hos uklipte, 40 dager gamle krypkveinplanter i klimakammer. Foto: Tom Ericsson. 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 9
Virkning av N-konsentrasjonen i bladene på rot/skudd - forholdet Karbohydrater til skudd og røtter Skudd Rot N-konsentrasjon i gressbladene
Nitrogen og rotarkitektur Mye N Lite N 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 11
Oversikt over prosjektet Prosjekteier: Norsk Golfforbund (NGF) Finansiert av STERF, NGF, Norges forskingsråd og ulike aktører i norsk golf 600.000 Euro i sum for 2014-17. Innovsjonsprosjekt. Fokus på resultatformidling. Vitenskapelige (småskala) forsøk gjennom to sesonger (2014-2016) Storskala demo-forsøk på nordiske golfbaner i en sesong (2016-17) 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 12
Oversikt over HØSTGJØDSLINGs-prosjektet WP 1-2 (2014-2016) WP 3-4 (2014-2016) WP6 (2016-2017) Forsøksfaktorer testet på begge steder Gressart N-nivå S-nivå Apelsvoll Landvik Feltforsøk Sol / skygge Feltforsøk I lysimeteranlegg N-utlekking samples samples Laboratorietester 1.Toleranse for M.nivale 2. Frysetoleranse 3. Tolerance for anerobe forhold Fullskala demonstrasjons forsøk på golfbaner basert på resultater fra de vitenskapelige forsøka Tapiola GCC, Finland Hauger GC, Norge Kgl. Drottningholm GC, Sverige Roskilde GC, Danmark Keillir GK, Island
Mange tidligere forsøk har fokusert på gjødslingstidspunkt eller gjødseltype Vi brukte en blanding av ammonium- og nitrat -nitrogen (omtrent 60:40). Our theoretic goal is that the nitrogen flow in the soil should be relatively constant, and adapted to the diminishing growth conditions (light, temperature) in the autumn. Vår mål var at nitrogentilgangen til plantene skulle avta i takt med fra jorda skal være The experiment period was defined by climatic data (30 year normal 1961-1990) 12 C 10 Sept 1 C 1 Dec 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 14
The start rate was defined as a compromise between the two grass species; creeping bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera) and annual meadow-grass (Poa annua) Normal weekly summer application rate is 0.08 kg/100 m 3 (=8 kg /ha) 0,14 Autumn fertilization P.annua & A.stolonifera 150% Normal l 50% Kg N/100 m2 per week 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 15
It was important for us to keep nitrogen as the growth limiting nutrient in the fertilizer. Even in the high nitrogen mixture (4), all nutrients were present according to the plant s need (optimal nutrient mixture). Optimal mix ratio: 100 14 65 6 7 9 0.7 0.4 0.06 0.03 0.0003 0.2 Table 1. Content of nutrients in the six different fertilizers (g/l). Treatment N P K Mg Ca S Fe Mn Zn Cu Mo 1. No N 0.00 0.16 0.76 0.08 0.09 0.11* 0.011 0.0043 0.0023 0.0005 0.00036 2. Low N 0.40 0.16 0.77 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.011 0.0043 0.0023 0.0005 0.00036 3. Med N 0.80 0.16 0.77 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.011 0.0043 0.0023 0.0005 0.00036 4. High N 1.20 0.16 0.77 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.011 0.0043 0.0023 0.0005 0.00036 5. No S 0.80 0.16 0.77 0.08 0.09 0.0 0.011 0.0043 0.0023 0.0005 0.00036 6. High S 0.80 0.16 0.78 0.08 0.09 1.27 0.011 0.0043 0.0023 0.0005 0.00036 * No ammonium sulphate in this fertilizer 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 16
Some results following: Leakage of nitrogen Plant growth and colour Freezing tolerance 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 17
The experiment green at Landvik is buildt as a lysimeter. Drain water can be collected and analysed 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 18
10 8 6 N lost in drainage water Average of 2014 and 2015, 9 Sept 22 Dec No N Low N Medium N High N 5,5 8,4 4 2,8 Applied N g/m2 2 0 0 Leaked N -2-0,49-0,61-1,59-4 -6-4,14 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 19
250 200 150 Precipitation at Landvik in the experiment periods 2014 2015 mm 100 50 0 9 Sep - 23 Sep 24 Oct - 7 Oct 8 Oct - 21 Oct 22 Oct - 3 4 Nov - 19 Nov Nov 20 Nov - 11 Dec 11 Sep - 22 Sep 23 Sep - 6 Oct 7 Oct - 20 Oct 21 Oct - 4 5 Nov - 24 Nov Nov 25 Nov - 11 Dec No N 0.210 0.463 0.302 c 0.106 c 0.092 c 0.099 c Low N 0.194 0.32 0.756 c 0.172 c 0.115 c 0.163 c Med N 0.234 0.376 2.080 b 1.538 b 3.188 b 3.805 b High N 0.174 0.446 6.063 a 5.192 a 10.950 a 7.500 a P-value ns ns <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 LSD 0.847 0.462 0.976 0.709 (P<0.05) - - Nitrate-N concentration in drainage water (WHO guideline for drinking water: 50 mg nitrate /l. (equals 11 mg N/l) 1.900 b 0.633 b 1.027 b 0.880 b 0.810 b 0.537 b 2.067 b 0.843 b 1.733 b 1.433 b 1.153 b 1.180 b 2.400 b 1.367 b 3.167 b 2.480 b 1.860 b 2.270 ab 3.433 a 3.433 a 14.333 a 10.067 a 8.533 a 5.700 a 0.0064 0.0022 0.0037 0.0014 0.0008 0.0500 0.696 1.051 5.654 3.259 2.509 3.653 17 mm rain on the day of fertilization, and more than 40 mm the two following days
Nitrogen leakage related to temperature and precipitation. Periods (1-6) were: 1: 11 Sep - 22 Sep 2: 23 Sep - 6 Oct 3: 7 Oct - 20 Oct 21 4: Oct - 4 Nov 5 5: Nov - 24 Nov 6: 25 Nov - 11 Dec 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 21
Conclusions leakage: High N rate gave unacceptable loss to the drain (49%) (How should this loss be discussed related to experiment results? ) The loss was higher by the end of the season, and seems to be considerable when day temperature was below 6 C. (data not shown) Late autumn fertilization cannot be recommended as a strategy because the environmental costs are too high. 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 22
1,5 Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 A. stolonifera 1,5 Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 P.annua 1 1 0,5 0,5 0 0-0,5-0,5-1 no N low N med N high N -1 no N low N med N high N 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 23
Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 A. stolonifera Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 P.annua 1,5 1,5 1 1 16 November 0,5 0,5 0 0-0,5-0,5-1 no N low N med N high N -1 15 Air mean and min temperaures no N low N med N high N 26 Nov, 8 days after first freezing event 10 5 0-5 Freezing: 17 Nov -10 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 24
Autumn fertilization improved spring growth of creeping bent, but not annual meadow-grass. The effects were not significant the second experimental year. Data from Landvik 1,00 P.annua growth 0,70 A. stolonifera growth 0,80 0,60 0,60 0,50 0,40 mm/day 0,40 0,20 mm/day 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00-0,20 2014 fall 2015 spring 2015 fall 2016 spring 0,00-0,10-0,20 2014 fall 2015 spring 2015 fall 2016 spring -0,40-0,30 No N Low N Med N High N No N Low N Med N High N 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 25
1,5 Daily height growth, Landvik autumn 2015 P.annua 500 450 Chlorophyll inedex, Landvik autumn 2015 Poa annua 1 0,5 0-0,5 400 350 300 250 200 150 P.a No N P.a low N P.a norm N P.a high N -1 no N low N med N high N 100 19.10.2015 26.10.2015 17.11.2015 07.12.2015 Poa had stopped growing 16 November. The chlorophyll index increased 17 November. 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 26
Spring growth and spring colour was improved by the autumn nitrogen fertilization 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 Daily height growth, Landvik spring 2016 A.stolonifera no N low N med N high N 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0-0,05-0,1-0,15-0,2 Daily height growth, Landvik spring 2016 P.annua no N low N med N high N 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 27
Freezing test Is a well recognized way to determine the acclimation status of the grass plants. Results cannot be used to predict stress tolerance in the field. Results can be used to compare grass species or experimental treatments Our procedure: 1. Grass shoot bundles of 10 plants. 2. Put in moist sand in a freezer. 3. Temperature lowered 2 C per hour until test temperature. 4. Plants taken out of freezer, thawn for 24 hours 5. Planted for regrowth in 3 weeks 6. Survived plants counted and LT50 value calculated. 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 28
The autumn application project collected samples form Landvik and Apelsvoll in Nov/Dec and Feb/March. All together 8 freezing tests. They gave the same answer about relation between nitrogen fertilization and freezing tolerance: There was no significant effects on Poa annua. For creeping bent there is a negative correlation between nitrogen rates and LT 50 values. 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 29
Freezing tolerance (LT 50 ) and autumn application of nitrogen at Landvik 0 December 2015 March 2016 No-N Low-N Med-N High-N No-N Low-N Med-N High-N -5-10 C -15-20 a a a a ab ab a a -25-30 b de cd bc -35 cd e P <0.03-40 A. stol P. annua 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 30
Agnar Kvalbein agnkval@gmail.com 06.11.2017 A.Kvalbein: Autumn fertilization and turf winter survival 31