Welcome to GEF2210 Course content The chemical composition of the atmosphere, and changes in composition due to emissions of pollution: Process studies and modeling of atmospheric changes. Simple mathematical models are used to illustrate interactions between different processes. Physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere Sources of chemical compounds Global biogeochemical cycles Tropospheric chemistry: Global and regional pollution, acid rain, global scale changes Stratospheric chemistry and ozone depletion Greenhouse gases and climate changes
Hvem er vi? Terje Berntsen UiO/CICERO Phone: 228-57942 / 228-58771 E-mail: t.k.berntsen@geo.uio.no Tore Flatlandsmo Berglen NILU Phone: 63 89 81 62 E-mail: tfb@nilu.no Denne presentasjonen kan lastes ned fra: http://folk.uio.no/terjebe/downloads/gef2210/intro.ppt
Services provided by the atmosphere Cleaning mechanism for pollutants emitted to the atmosphere Photochemistry Filter for harmful UV-radiation from the Sun Ozone layer in the stratosphere Regulation of the global energy balance Current climate distribution and variation Distribution of water resources ++ Determined by trace gas and particle content of the atmosphere, NOT by N 2 and O 2 content
Stephens et al., Nature, 2012 Total energibalanse for Jorda
IPCC, 2007
IPCC, 2013
Climate change: Arctic sea ice http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/index.html
Klimaendringer? Smelting på Grønland juli 2012 http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/greenland-melt.html
ppmv: 10-6 ppbv: 10-9 pptv: 10-12 m: Million b: Billion (am. for milliard) t: trillion (am. for billion)
Tools in atmospheric chemistry Models needed to interpret observations and to predict effects of future changes (e.g. changes in emissions by pollution control.
Colette et al., ACP, 2011
Colette et al., ACP, 2011
Ozon ved bakken er en giftig gass. Skader planter, dyr, mennesker og materialer. Beregninger fra EMEP (met.no)
Svoveldioksid (SO2) og sulfat (SO4) bidrar til forsuring.
CO concentrations (ppbv) at the surface Sakte tap om vinteren kan transporteres langt
NOx concentrations (pptv) at the surface
Observed NOx in the troposphere
Ozonmålinger fra satelitt
Total ozonkolonne
Norwegian emissions
Mange utslipp i Europa går ned. Kilde: http://emep.int/publ/reports/2013/status_report_1_2013.pdf
Store forskjeller mellom ulike land. Kilde: http://emep.int/publ/reports/20 11/status_report_1_2011.pdf
Ozone (O 3 ): A very important trace gas in the atmosphere
UV-B is radiation with wave lengths 280-315 nanometer
Ozone (O 3 ) concentrations (ppbv) at the surface
Seasonal variation in surface ozone
Observed tropospheric ozone columns
Surface ozone in Norway
Impact of road traffic emissions on surface ozone concentrations Ozone increase July mean (ppbv)
Total ozone change, 1964-2000
Ozonlaget over Antarktis 17. august 2014 http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Koblinger mellom ozonlaget og klimaendringer.
Ozone hole over Norway, March, 2011
http://ozone.unep.org/ Assessment_Panels/S AP/Scientific_Assess ment_2010/sap- 2010-FAQsupdate.pdf
Concentrations and effects of emissions of chlorine and bromine containing substances
Climate Change
Changes in greenhouse gases and particles (aerosols) IPCC(2013)
Recent changes in CO 2,N 2 O, CFCs and CH 4 http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/
Particles (aerosols) are also important Scatter solar radiation cooling Absorb solar radiation warming Change clouds warming/cooling?
Fra: Peter Adams.
Fra: Peter Adams.
IPCC, 2013
Climate impact of aerosols stor forskjell mellom ulike estimater! ULAQ SPRINT UIO_GCM GISS MPI_HAM LSCE LOA UIO_CTM UMI GISS (Koch, 2001) 1 GISS (Hansen et al., 2005) GATORG (Jacobson, 2001) UIO-GCM (Kirkevåg and Iversen, 2002) SPRINT (Takemura et al., 2005) LOA (Reddy and Boucher, 2004) GISS (Liao and Seinfeld, 2005) GISS (Liao and Seinfeld, 2005) Yu et al. (2005) Chung et al. (2005) Bellouin et al. (2005) -1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0 0.2
Observerte endringer i bakketemperaturen. http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp
Hva skjer med varmeinnholdet i havet? Levitus et al., GRL, 2009 Balmasheda et al., 2013
IPCC, 2007
Changes in elevation of ice caps
Change in Sea level
Future temperature change
Stationary GHG Emissions in Norway, (Mt/yr, CO 2 equivalents)
Acid deposition in Norway Våtavsetning av sulfat og sum nitrogen (nitrat + ammonium) 1973-2002 for syv målestasjoner i Sør-Norge: Birkenes, Lista, Skreådalen, Vatnedalen, Treungen, Gulsvik/Brekkebygda og Løken.
Transport of air pollutants to the Arctic. Pollution episode at Svalbard May 2006.
Aftenposten, 12. march, 2013.
Selecting an Arctic route Alternative routes for the NSR. Route 3 used in this study. Hatched area: The Exclusive Economic Zone of the Russian Federation Estimated speed for a 6500 TEU container ship http://www.dnv.com/binaries/shipping%20across%20the%20arctic%20ocean%20position%20paper_tcm4-434419.pdf
NO 2 in the atmosphere (μg/m 2 ) 2050 O 3 in the atmosphere (mdu) 2050 1 DU= 2.68x10 16 molecules cm -2 at STP (0 o degs C, 1013.25 hpa).
Radiative forcing of SLCF from shipping in 2030/2050 PRELIMINARY!!