ABSTRACT. Thai J. For. 26 : 1-11 (2007) 26: 1-11 (2550)

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Thai J. For. 26 : 1-11 (2007) 26: 1-11 (2550) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Clumps and Culms Establishment of Gigantochloa albociliata and Cephalostachyum pergracile after Gregarious Flowering in the Mixed Deciduous Forest at Mae Klong Watershed Research Station, Kanchanaburi Province 1 Arisa Tonwoot 1 ก ก 1 Dokrak Marod 1 1 ก ก ก 10900 Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand, Email: dokrak.m@ku.ac.th 10 2550 16 2550 ABSTRACT All studies were conducted at Mae Klong Watershed Research Station, Kanchanaburi province during June 2005 to October 2006. The 20 sample plots of 1 m x 1 m were used for both species in each different site, open gap and under crown canopy. All clumps were dug from the sample plots and washed to measure the size according to their ages and species for their growth analyses. Light conditions were taken by hemispherical photos at the same sites both in the rainy and dry. The results showed that growth of bamboos was highly correlated to their aged clumps. Their growth was significantly different between the sites for both Gigantochloa albociliata and Cephalostachyum pergracile (Z = -20.065 and -17.470, p < 0.001, respectively). Light intensity played an important role on clump establishment. The standard overcast sky distribution (SOC %) was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season of both areas; open gap (16.26 and 7.75%, respectively) and under crown canopy (4.21 and 2.18%, respectively). To estimate the period on clump establishment, the growth rate equations were analyzed and applied. The results showed that both G. albociliata and C. pergracile rapidly succeeded to establish in the short time period, especially under gap condition, 27.17 ± 0. 29 and 12.30 ± 0.87 years, respectively and much longer time under the crown canopy condition, 66.74 ±0.70 and 28.78 ± 2.05 years, respectively. To promote the bamboo plantations, thus, light intensity in the planting sites should be considered as the principle components. In addition, sources of planting matenals are also important in rough approximation of flowering periods. Keywords: Gigantochloa albociliata, Cephalostachyum pergracile, mixed deciduous forest, forest dynamics, bamboo flowering

2 Thai J. For. 26 : 1-11 (2007) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 2548 2549 1 x 1 ก ก 20 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Z=-20.065-17.470, p < 0.001, ) ก ก ก ก ก กก (16.26 7.75 % ) (4.21 2.18% ) กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก 27.17 ± 0. 29 12.30 ± 0.87 ก ก ก 66.74? 0.70 28.78? 2.05 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก : ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (monocarpic species) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1) ก ก 2) ก ก 3) ก กก (Marod et al., 2005) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก

26: 1-11 (2550) 3 ก (mature clump) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 2 (Gigantochloa albociliata) (Cephalostachyum pergracile) ก ก.. 2541 2543 (Marod et al., 2005) ก ก ก (forest dynamics) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( 10 ) ก ก ก ก (longevity) ก ก ก ก 2548 2549 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 109 ก ก 100-950 1,538.9 265.4 ก 2.2 27.1 29.6 23.9 (Table 1) ( ก, 2549) Table 1. Climatic data of Mae Klong Watershed Research Station during 1997-2006

4 Thai J. For. 26 : 1-11 (2007) 4 1) (mixed deciduous forest) ก (Tectona grandis) ก ก ก (G. albociliata) ก (G. hasskarliana) (Bambusa tulda) (C. pergracile) 2) (deciduous dipterocarp forest) (Shorea obtusa) (S. siamensis) ก (Quercus kerrii) ก ก (Vitex peduncularis) 3) (dry evergreen forest) ก ก (Dipterocarpus turbinatus) (D. alatus) (Parashorea stellata) (Hopea odorata) 4) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Suksawang, 1993) ก (Trema orientalis) ก (Musa acuminata) (Eupatorium odoratum) (Arundo donax) (climbers) ( ก ก, 2538) ก ก ก ก ก 2 ก (treatments) (open gap) ก ก (under crown canopy) ก 1 x 1 20 ก ก ก ก ก (diameter at basal height, Do) ก ก ก ก ก (sympodial rhizome) ก 2 ก ก 1 3 ก ก 2 (Figure 1) ก ก ก ก ก ก (McClure,1966 ) Figure 1. The characteristics of sympodial rhizome bamboos and the estimation of aged culms. Source: McClure (1966).

26: 1-11 (2550) 5 ก ก ก ก (exponential) ก ก ก (exponential growth) Y = ae rx Y = ก ( ) X = ก ( ) a r = ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (fisheye lens) ก (standard overcast sky distribution, SOC%) ก ก FEW 52 b (Ishizuka and Kanazawa, 1991) ก ก ก ก ก ก Kruskal Wallis Test ก ก ก ก ก Mann-Whitney U Test ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Table 2) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1 ก (Z= -0.89, p=0.369) กก ก ก ก 1 ก ก ก 8 ก ก ก 1.13 0.42 ก ก ก ก Y = 0.2149 e 0.2184(x), R2 = 0. 94 Y = 0.2001e 0.0955(x), R 2 = 0. 95 (Figure 2) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 27.17 ± 0. 29 66. 74 ± 0.70 ก 6 ก ก ก

6 Thai J. For. 26 : 1-11 (2007) 1.35 0.57 ก ก ก ก Y = 0. 2697e 0.2725(x), R2 = 0. 99 Y = 0.2379e 0.132(x), R2 = 0. 95 (Figure 2) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 12.30 0.87 28.78 ± 2.05 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (suppress sapling clumps) ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 10-15 ก ก ก 2 ก ก 1 10 (p< 0.001) (Table 2) ก ก ก 0.76 0.71 ก ก ก ก 10 ก Y = 0.186e 0.1541(X), R2 = 0.97 Y = 0.168e 0.159(X), R2 = 0.97 (Figure 3) ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 41.49 ± 0.44 44.51 ± 0.47 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก Marod et al., (2005) ก ก ก ก 1,250 58 % ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก

26: 1-11 (2550) 7 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (, 2534) ก ก ก ก (, 2535) ก ก ก (, 2542; Salisbury and Ross, 1992) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (, 2544; Marod et al., 1999) ก ก ก ก ก ก (, 2548) ก ก ก 0.99 (Marod et al., 2005) ก ก (, 2528) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก ) ( ก ) ก ก ก ก ( กก 40 ) ก ก ก กก ก ก (Kozlowski et al., 1991) ก ก ก (dormancy clump) ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก (standard overcast sky distribution, SOC%) ก ก (Z= -4.57, p< 0.001) (Z= -4.70, p< 0.001) ก 16.26 4.21 ก 7.75 2.18 ก ก ก Marod et al., (2002)

8 Thai J. For. 26 : 1-11 (2007) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Z = -0.53, p = 0.594) ก (Z = -3.776, p < 0.001) ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก (Marod et al., 1999;, 2528) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Oliver and Larsen (1996) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (p < 0.001) ก 1 ก ก (Z=-0.89, p=0.369) ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( Z= -4.57, p< 0.001) ก (Z= -4.70, p< 0.001) (16.26 4.21 ) (7.75 2.18 ) ก ก ก ก ก (Z=-20.06-17.47, p < 0.001, ) ก ก กก ก (suppress clump) ก 10 ก ก ก ก ก (p< 0.001) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก

26: 1-11 (2550) 9 ก Y = 0. 2149 e 0.2184(x), R2 0.94 Y = 0. 2697 e 0.2725(x), R2 0.99 ก ก ก ก ก 27.17 ± 0.29 12.30 ± 0.87 ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( 41.49 ± 0.44 ) ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก.. 2537 ก ก ก 4-5 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก. 2538. ก ก ก., ก.. 2534. ก. : http//www. forest.go.th/private/taken3.htm, 20 2546.. 2542. ก ก 3 ก., ก.. 2548. ก ก ก ก ก., ก.. 2528.., ก. ก. 2535. ก. ก, ก.. 2546. SPSS., ก.

10 Thai J. For. 26 : 1-11 (2007) ก ก. 2549. ก ก ก ก (..2541-2546). ก, ก. Dranfield, S., and E.A. Widjaja, (eds.) 1995. Plant Resource of South-East Asia (PROSEA) No. 7, Bamboos. Bogor, Indonesia. Hoshizaki, K. 1999. Regeneration Dynamic of a Sub-dominant Tree Aesculus Turbinate in a Beech-Dominated Forest: Interactions Between Large-Seeded Tree Guild and Seed/seedling Consumer Guild. Docteral Thesis, Kyoto University. Ishizuka, M. and Y. Kanazawa. 1991. Development of the software FishEye (BKK). pp.1-15. In Ishizuka, M. et al.,(eds.) Development of the Software for Silviculture Research. Research and training in re-afforestation project in Thailand, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. Kozlowski, T.T., P. J. Kramer and S.G. Pallardy. 1991. The Physiological Ecology of Woody Plants. Academic Press, Inc., New York. Kutintara, U., D. Marod, M. Takahashi and T. Nakashizuka. 1995. Growth and dynamics of bamboos in a tropical seasonal forest. pp 15-19. In: The International Workshop on the Changes of Tropical Forest Ecosystems by EL NiÑo and Others. National Research Council, Thailand. Marod, D., U. Kutintara, H. Tanaka and T. Nakashizuka. 2002. The effects of drought and fire on seed and seedling dynamics in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand. J. Plant Ecol. 161: 41-57. Marod, D., U. Kutintara, H. Tanaka and T. Nakashizuka. 2004. The effects of drought and fire on seedling survival and growth under contrasting light conditions in a seasonal tropical forest. J. Veg. Sci. 15: 691-700. Marod, D., U. Kutintara,, C. Yarwudhi, T. Hiroshi and T. Nakashisuka. 1999. Structural dynamics of a natural mixed deciduous forest in western Thailand. J. Veg. Sci. 10: 777-786. Marod, D., V. Neumrat, S. Panuthai, H. Tanaka, H. And P. Sahunalu. 2005. The forest regenerationn after gregarious flowering of bamboo (Cephalostachyum pergracile) at Mae Klong Watershed Research Station, Kanchanaburi province. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 39: 588-593. McClure, F.A., 1966. The Bamboos: A Fresh Perspective. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Oliver, C. D. and B.C.. Larsen. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. The Permission Department John Wiley and Sons, Inc, USA. 520 p. Cited D.

26: 1-11 (2550) 11 J. Watson. 1947. Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops I. Variation in net assimilateion rate and leaf area between species and varieties, and within and between years. Ann. Bot. 11: 41-76. Pearcy, R.W. 1990. Sunflecks and photosynthesis in plant canopies. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Plant Mol. Biol. 41: 421-453. Salisbury, F.B. and C.W. Ross, 1992. Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Publishing Company, California. Suksawang, S. 1993. Site Overview: Thong Phaphoom Study Site. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok.