State of the art for CO2 storage. Svein Eggen

Transkript

1 State of the art for CO2 storage Svein Eggen

2 Implementation of CCS. challenges Costs --- capture technology is expensive Public perception\ opposition --- storage fear of leakages. 2

3 perception 3

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8 Ocean acidification. 8

9 The most important way forward learning by doing + basic research 9

10 CO2 storage projects active- mainly CO2 separated from natural gas Sleipner - 1 mt \ y since 96 Snøhvit 0.7(-) mt since 2007 Insalah - Algerie Gorgon- Australia - start MGSC USA Some R&D\ pilot projects Otway \ australia Ketzin \Germany CO2 field lab norge 10

11 Sleipner 1 mt\ y since 96..No problems.. 11

12 Snøhvit: pressure-buildup 12

13 Insalah Thin reservoir \ marginal reservoir properties InSAR show surface deformation 13

14 Gorgon \ fra 2014 The Greater Gorgon Fields lie km offshore and contain about 40 trillion cubic feet of gas. The gas contains about 14% CO2. The gas is piped and separated onshore at a processing facility on Barrow Island. The project plans to capture up to 3.3 MT/Yr of CO2 and store it in deep formations below Barrow Island. Injection into the saline formation is planned to be via 8-9 injection wells with approximately 4 pressure management wells. The target reservoir is the Dupuy Formation, a massive turbidite sand deposit. The seal is the Barrow group, a marine shale. 14

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16 Otway pilot \ australia situated in south-western Victoria, producing naturally occurring CO2 and methane from a gas well (Buttress). The gases are compressed then piped to a depleted natural-gas field (Naylor). Here, the CO2 and a small amount of methane is being safely injected and stored at least two kilometres below the Earth s surface. CO2CRC will monitor the CO2 in the air, groundwater, soil and subsurface for the life of the project t\mnd 16

17 CO2sink Ketzin project The CO2SINK project is coordinated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. 18 industrial partners and research institutions from 9 European countries are involved in the project. The CO2SINK project, which started in April 2004, is supported under the FP/6 framework by the EU commission and also funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technologies (BMWi) the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the industry. The project s aim is to demonstrate long- term geological storage of CO2 in a saline aquifer. It is a project for research purposes only. In Summer 2008, the asset went into operation Over a period of three years, around 60,000 tonnes ( 99%) CO2 will be stored in a depth between 600 and 800 meters. The storage site is near a small town, Ketzin, west of Berlin. 19

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19 USA- MGSC The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) has begun injecting carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) for the first million-tonne demonstration of carbon sequestration in the U.S. The CO 2 is being captured from the fermentation process used to produce ethanol at Archer Daniels Midland Company s (ADM) corn processing complex. It is compressed into a dense-liquid to facilitate the injection process and permanent storage at a depth of 7,000 feet The Mt. Simon Sandstone is the thickest and most widespread saline reservoir in the Illinois Basin, which covers two-thirds of Illinois and reaches into western Indiana and western Kentucky. The estimated CO 2 storage capacity of the Mt. Simon is 11 to 151 billion metric tonnes, and it is below several layers of shale that serve as an impermeable cap rock to hold the CO 2 in place, 21

20 Weyburn CO2-EOR In October 2000, EnCana began injecting significant amounts of carbon dioxide into a Williston Basin oilfield (Weyburn) in order to boost oil production. During its life, the Weyburn project is expected to produce at least 122 million barrels of incremental oil Overall, it is anticipated that some 20 Mt of carbon dioxide will be permanently sequestered over the lifespan of the project. It has been estimated that, on a full life-cycle basis, the oil produced at Weyburn by CO2 EOR will release only two-thirds as much CO2 to the atmosphere compared to oil produced using conventional technology CO2 is being supplied via a 205 mile long pipeline (costing 100 million US$) from the lignite-fired Dakota Gasification Company synfuels plant site in North Dakota.. 22

21 Side 23 R&D&D Example: CO2 Field Laboratory Inject CO 2 Study leakage/ migration Validate monitoring methods

22 Shallow leakage experiement sept t CO2 Injection well

23 monitorering Ca 6kg\t Injeksjonsbrønn til 20 m under overflaten

24 CO2 EOR- a lot of effort since early active CO2 EOR projects in US 55 MT co2 injected pr year (45 from natural sources) 600 Mt injected since 70 s CO2 injection wells In wyoming 4500 old wells rebuildt to co2 wells (oldest from 1920) CCS projects motivated by more CO2 to EOR Middle east! Focus!! 26

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26 Next generation CO2-EOR: -Optimize storage 28

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28 Main Issues CO2 storage Legal and Regulatoric Ospar, LC, EU National implementation ongoing. Technical status and gaps Basic tools inplace no stoppers Need for improvments Public perception Big challenge in continental europe 30

29 Technical Issues CO2 storage Verify different types of storage reservoirs Trapping mechanisms Simulation tools Monitoring tools Learn from field prosjects Sleipner, snøhvit, insalah, weyburn, otway, katzin, USD 32

30 Storage reservoars (1) depleted or near-depleted oil and gas reservoirs (2) saline formations (rocks containing non-potable high salinity water) (3) deep unmineable coal seams. 33

31 Saline aquifers Lack of data and geologic variability represent one of the main challenges in large-scale deployment of the technology. Geologic variability means that a number of research projects will be needed to predict the potential of this type of reservoir to store CO2. One important source of variability is the original environment in which the sediments were deposited (e.g., marine shorelines or deltas, rivers, lakes, wind-blown, etc.). Each depositional environment imparts distinct architectural characteristics to the geologic formations which influence injectivity, plume movement, and trapping of CO2. 34

32 Monitoring Monitoring will be key to verifying that projects perform as expected, and that long-term containment is achieved. Successful demonstration of monitoring technologies will also be key to enabling broad, global, geologic storage of CO2. Many of the measurement technologies for monitoring geologic storage are drawn from other applications such as the oil and gas industry, natural gas storage, disposal of liquid and hazardous waste in deep geologic formations, groundwater monitoring, and ecosystem research. Some technologies, such as seismic imaging, have reached a highly sophisticated level due to many decades of research, development, and application in the petroleum industry. In general, however, there has been limited monitoring experience (even taking into account CO2 EOR), specific to assuring containment of CO2 in the subsurface. Hence a focus of many current research and development activities has been to evaluate how well existing technologies work, and to adapt them to the specific requirements for CO2 storage. Since the performance of some techniques is significantly affected by various geologic characteristics, a continuing challenge is to determine which technologies work best in which geologic environments. 40

33 Best practice. 41

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35 WEO2011 : summary If we don t change direction soon, we ll end up where we re heading Få tegn på at utviklingen har tatt et nytt spor, 2010 rekord høyt co2 utslipp Finanskrise tar fokus vekk fra energispørsmål Short-term uncertainty does little to alter the longer-term picture Økning I befolkning (+ 1,7 milliarder inne 2035) og forventert økonomisk vekst på 3.5 % energibehov øker med 1/3 fra Steps in the right direction, but the door to 2 C is closing Utsettelsene av tiltak gjør at vi mister 2gr målet. New policy scenariet innebærer + 3,5 grader temp-økning. Tiltak må iverksettes innen 2017 For hver 1 mill $ ikke brukt før 2020 vil føre til ekstra utgifter på 4,3 mill etter utsette tiltak er dårlig økonomi Rising transport demand and upstream costs reconfirm the end of cheap oil Mange vil ha bil. Golden prospects for natural gas Forbruksvekst og økt tilførsel fra unkonvensjonell gass Renewables are pushed towards centre stage Øker fra 3% I 2009 til 15% I 2035 Treading water or full steam ahead for coal? Dekket 50% av økt energibehov I siste 10 år. Utvikling videre er bestemt av politiske valg og teknologi Second thoughts on nuclear would have far-reaching consequences Legger større press på andre C-nøytrale tenologier Achieving energy for all will not cost the earth

36 Utsatt kutt i CO2 utslipp medfører at tillatte utslipp blir innelåst av eksisterende utslippskilder

37 Kull har vært vinneren siste 10 år

38 3 scenarier for CO2 utslipp Business as usual fører til 44 Gt utslipp pr år i 2035 Dersom alle politiske ambisjoner gjennomføres reduseres utslipp med 7 Gt: New policy scenariet innebærer 3,5 gr temp økning 450 ppm - 2 graders målet krever ytterligere 15 Gt redusjon

39 450 ppm scenariet nødvendig for å holde 2 graders målet. - En rekke tiltak gjennomføres, 50 % oppnåes gjennom effektivisering - CCS må bidra med 22%

40 Alternative 450 ppm scenarier - utsatt ccs og lav kjernekraft merk- tilleggskostnader ved enten utsatt CCS eller low nuclear dyrt å utsette CCS

41 Vedr utsatt CCS: øker kostnadene med å realsiere 450 ppm scenariet med over 1 trillion (10 12 )$

42 CLIMIT kontaktinformasjon Direktør Klaus Schöffel Telefon: Gassnova SF Dokkvegen 10 NO-3920 Porsgrunn Telefon: Norges forskningsråd Stensberggata 26 Postboks 2700, St.Hanshaugen NO-0131 Oslo Koordinator Spesialrådgiver Trygve U. Riis Telefon: Telefon: