Biogas reactor modelling with ADM1

Transkript

1 HiT Publication no 11/2012 Biogas reactor modelling with ADM1 Benjamin C. Lyseng, Wenche Bergland, Deshai Botheju, Finn Haugen and Rune Bakke Faculty of Technology (Porsgrunn) Telemark University College Porsgrunn 2012

2 HiT Publication no 11/2012 ISBN (online) ISSN (print) ISSN (online) Series title: HiT skrift or HiT Publication Telemark University College P.O. Box Porsgrunn Telephone: Fax: Website: The Authors/Telemark University College No part of this publication may be reproduced except in accordance with the Copyright Act, or the Act Relating to Rights in Photographic Pictures, or the agreements made with Kopinor, The Reproduction Rights Organisation of Norway.

3 Preface This report assumes the reader has at least basic understanding of the anaerobic digestion process. They should be familiar with the three fundamental steps in the anaerobic oxidation of a substrate: (1) hydrolysis, (2) acidogenesis (fermentation), and (3) methanogenesis, as well as the intermediate products associated with each. We would like to thank all the master students who conducted lab analyses through the summer and autumn 2011 that provided the data necessary for this type of research. Porsgrunn, Norway, 7. February 2013

4 Table of Contents Preface... iii 1. Introduction Problem description Theory Methods Foss farm pilot plant Data collection ADM Results Reactor operation Manure composition Biogas flow and composition COD VFA Biomass Inhibition and ph Temperature effect Feed flow and washout Discussion Conclusion References Appendix A: Selected ADM1 parameters Appendix B: Resampling code... 23

5 1. Introduction Anaerobic digestion (AD) is becoming an increasingly common method of handling agricultural waste. AD has historically been used to treat high-cod waste because it requires less energy, additives, and space than conventional aerobic processes. Research and adoption of AD to other processes has attracted more attention recently due, in large part, to the biogas (methane) it produces. At the same time, agriculture is under growing pressure to increase production and decrease emissions associated with its operation. AD can reduce odors, pathogens, and nuisance gas emissions, while preserving nutrients for a high quality fertilizer (Cantrell et al., 2008). The traditional method of handling manure is spreading it on cropland, a very low-cost procedure. So despite the advantages of AD, its high initial capital investment is a major barrier in its development. Research at Telemark University College has shown that high rate, granular sludge reactors are a cost effective solution. However, they require improvements to minimize size and energy use, while maximizing the feed rate and methane production. Computer modeling of the AD process plays a central role in improving design and operation. In the past few decades several dynamic models of varying complexity have been developed for anaerobic digestion. The International Water Association (IWA) task force developed Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) to be applicable to a wide range of AD processes. Batstone et al. (2002) suggest some modified parameters for digesting manure at 55 C. Page et al. (2008) used bench-scale digesters at 35 C and two full-scale plug-flow digesters to develop an ADM1 parameter set for dairy manure. This failed to predict biogas production, biomass, inorganic nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) accurately. Zhang et al. (2009) also point out that the method of trial and error is very case specific and thereby limits its adoption to other reactors. Optimization algorithms were used by Zhang et al. (2009) to determine parameters for a 1700 L pilot reactor operated at 37 C. The goal of the work presented here is to adapt ADM1 to the AD reactor at Foss farm. After introducing the pilot plant, some theory of the model is presented, followed by a description about how it was developed and adapted to the Foss reactor. Finally, the results are discussed with some suggestions for further work. 1

6 2. Problem description The goal of the project is to model the pilot plant at Foss farm in Skien using ADM1. Operation of the reactor began outdoors in 2008, and in 2010 it was moved inside and subjected to continuous feeding. A current process diagram of the suspended growth anaerobic digester is presented in Figure 2.1. The ADM1 model, previously implemented in AQUASIM, is to be adapted to the anaerobic digester at Foss farm. Data from online sensor and regular lab analysis shall be used to evaluate and improve the model. Figure 2.1: Foss farm anaerobic digester process diagram. 2

7 3. Theory Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1, commonly referred to as ADM1, is a generic model for simulating anaerobic digestion of various substrates. Developed by the International Water Association (IWA) Anaerobic Digestion Modelling Task Group, ADM1 has 32 dynamic state variables, considers both biochemical and physicochemical processes, and contains several inhibition factors (Batstone et al., 2002). The model can be adapted to different applications by adjusting the many parameters, including reaction kinetics and substrate composition. AQUASIM is a modeling and simulation program developed for water treatment in a variety of reactor types. Users define the parameters of the model and the processes (reactions) that occur in the compartment(s) that represents the physical design. Implementing the ADM1 model in AQUASIM allows for comprehensive analysis and simulation of waste treatment. Users are able to adapt the model to meet the conditions of their reactor, simulate its operation, and graphically compare the results to empirical data. 3

8 4. Methods 4.1 Foss farm pilot plant A fraction of the manure from the dairy cows on the farm is collected into batches of roughly 2500 L, which becomes the reactor feed for a few months (depending on feed rate). This manure is diluted about 25% with water as a result of the collection and cleaning process typical on these farms. The feed flow and reactor temperature can be controlled, while three temperatures (reactor, room, and reservoir), biogas flow, methane concentration, and effluent flow are measured with electronic sensors. 4.2 Data collection Since July 11, 2011 samples have been taken from the influent and effluent three times per week (typically) for lab analysis. This includes total chemical oxygen demand (tcod), soluble chemical oxygen demand (scod), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), inorganic nitrogen (IN), volatile fatty acids (VFA), ph, and alkalinity. The process is controlled through the LabVIEW program on the local computer which also logs sensor data at thirty second intervals. An online connection allows remote monitoring and control of the reactor. This instrumentation has been in place since August 13, ADM1 The model adapted in this project is based on an AQUASIM file that contained the ADM1 model with parameters adjusted for an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The process used for developing the parameters is presented in Figure 4.1. It required many iterations of trial and error, especially to determine the substrate composition. The ADM1 model divides the influent into several specific constituents, which is rarely know in such detail. Manure composition, as defined by Lübken (2007), Rico (2007), and Zeeman and Gerbens (2002) was used to help describe the manure. It was decided that the best solution was to have each component defined as a formula variable equal to a fraction multiplied by the related type of COD (soluble or particulate). For example, for amino acids: (4-1) where input_scod_inf is a list variable of the measured influent scod. The influent COD was observed to vary by more than 50%, so an average value did not give accurate enough simulations. Using the measured influent COD as a dynamic input to the model allowed for the impacts of other parameters to be observed and corrected more easily. The default definitions of scod and pcod in the AQUASIM model included only the substrate, or degradable elements. Gosset and Belser (1982) show that the influent COD can be largely non-biodegradable in anaerobic conditions. Consequently, the definition was modified to include inerts so it would be equivalent to the experimental data that measures the entire COD. 4

9 Steady state analysis was used to determine preliminary values for parameters including component fractions. The conditions were 25 L/d feed flow, reactor temperature of 24 C and average COD values. Matching simulated effluent COD values, and, consequently, biogas production to empirical data was dependent mainly on the amount of inerts. Most of the degradable COD is in the reactor long enough to be fully digested to CH 4 and CO 2. Initial biomass concentrations were also determined under these steady state conditions. Logged sensor data of effluent flow, biogas flow, methane concentration, and reactor temperature were resampled by decimation using the idresamp function in MATLAB. Setting the new time interval to one hour reduced the number of data points to a few thousand. The code can be found in Appendix B: Resampling code, which also creates a.txt file. AQUASIM is able to import this data as a list variable, which can be used as an input or simply plotted to compare with simulation results (e.g. methane concentration). The measured effluent flow is assumed to be equal to the feed flow. Therefore this data was decimated and used as the feed flow input for the simulation. Some parameters, like reaction rates, have values as suggested by Page et al. (2008) and Zhang et al. (2009). The full list of relevant parameters can be found in Appendix A: Selected ADM1 parameters. The time period used for adapting the ADM1 model was August 14 to November 21, In this span of one hundred days, new batches of manure were put into use on days 30 and 87. Feed flow and reactor temperature were manipulated during the study so the reactor s dynamic response could be observed. Simulations in AQUASIM were done with a step size of d. 5

10 START Define physical model (sizes, etc.) Define steady-state conditions (temp., etc.) Define substrate Do simulated biogas and COD match measured values? No Define initial biomass concentrations Is biomass steady from start? No Update model Run dynamic simulation Do simulated biogas and COD match measured values? No Update substrate definition Do simulated VFA values match measure values? No Adjust methanogen reaction rates STOP Figure 4.1: ADM1 AQUASIM model development process 6

11 5. Results 5.1 Reactor operation Operational changes in feed flow and temperature during the study are presented in Figure 5.1 and Figure 5.2. The brief drops in feed flow are the result of clogged inlet pipes. The reactor temperature was increased from 24 C to 30 C on day 60, and to 35 C on day 67. Figure 5.1: Feed flow used in the simulation Figure 5.2: Reactor temperature used in the simulation 7

12 All of the plots presented below (until section 5.7) are from the same simulation with these operating conditions. 5.2 Manure composition The influent to the reactor is defined in the model as presented in Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Definition of the manure (feed) used in ADM1. Symbol Fraction Average 1 Units Soluble Amino acids input_s_aa_in gcod/l Fatty acids input_s_fa_in gcod/l Sugars input_s_su_in gcod/l Degradable scod gcod/l Inerts input_s_i_in gcod/l Total scod gcod/l Inorganic carbon 2 input_s_ic_in M Inorganic nitrogen 3 input_s_in_in M Particulate Carbohydrates input_x_ch_in gcod/l Complex comp. particulates input_x_c_in gcod/l lipids input_x_li_in gcod/l proteins input_x_pr_in gcod/l Degradable pcod gcod/l Inerts input_x_i_in gcod/l Total pcod gcod/l Total Degradable COD gcod/l Total COD gcod/l 1. Based on influent from through Default value from UASB file. 3. Calculated average from lab measurements. 8

13 The substrate was defined in accordance with the screened values of dairy manure determined by Rico et al. (2007). Figure 5.3 shows that the unscreened values of Rico et al. are consistent with others studies that tested only raw manure. The 1.5 mm mesh sieve used by Rico et al. is comparable with the 1.4 mm mesh separator used at the farm. The ratios between soluble substrate components (amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars), and particulate substrate components (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) are roughly the same. 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % Carbohydrates Proteins 30 % 20 % Lipids 10 % 0 % Lübken et al. Zeeman and Gerbens Rico et al. - Raw Rico et al. - Screened Model Substrate Figure 5.3: Model substrate breakdown compared to Lübken et al. (2007), Zeeman and Gerbens (2002), and Rico (2007). 5.3 Biogas flow and composition Simulated and measured biogas flow during 100 days of reactor operation is presented in Figure 5.4. Even though the simulation s steady-state gas production levels are not exact, the model correctly predicts production changes resulting from step changes in operating conditions. Feed flow reductions on days 6 and 44 caused decreased biogas production that the model accurately predicts. However, when the feed doubles to 50 L/d at day 77, the simulated biogas production is about 25% lower than observed. The sharp spikes in production at days 60 and 67 are the result of temperature increases. The simulation predicts the initial rise but does not settle at a higher production rate like the measurements suggest. Simulated and measured methane content of the biogas can be seen in Figure 5.5. The simulated values are only slightly lower than observed and the effects of temperature increases on days 60 and 67 are accurately predicted by the model. 9

14 Figure 5.4: Biogas flow in the reactor Figure 5.5: Biogas composition 5.4 COD In Figure 5.6 the simulated COD concentrations are shown for the reactor and effluent. The high pcod concentration in the reactor is expected because of the long solids retention time. The high feed flow from day 77 to 98 causes an accumulation of pcod in the reactor. In contrast, the scod concentration in the reactor remains relatively constant and is the same as the effluent concentration. The scod concentration of the influent is plotted with simulated and measured values of the effluent in Figure 5.7. The same plot for pcod concentrations is presented in Figure 5.8. It can be seen that it is mainly scod that is converted to biogas in the anaerobic digester. The average scod reduction is 62%, while pcod changes by just 3%. 1 The simulated effluent pcod exhibits large step 1 10

15 changes, but Figure 5.6 shows that this is just an outlet phenomenon and the effect on the conditions in the reactor are negligible. Figure 5.6: Simulated COD values in the reactor and effluent Figure 5.7: Soluble COD at inlet and outlet 11

16 Figure 5.8: Particulate COD at inlet and outlet 5.5 VFA Volatile fatty acids are an intermediate state of anaerobic digestion. Their relative concentrations can indicate if processes are unbalanced. Simulated and measured total VFA concentrations of the effluent are presented in Figure 5.9. The measured values show much larger variations than the simulation. Figure 5.10 shows that acetic and propionic acids are the main components in both the simulation and empirical data. The shape of the simulated acetic acid concentration is very similar to the simulated biogas flow, which is logical because it is a precursor to methane. The high simulated acetic acid concentration in the effluent explains the lower than expected biogas production in the last 23 days. Acetate is being produced by acidogenesis faster than aceticlastic methanogenesis can convert it to methane. Figure 5.9: Total effluent VFA concentration 12

17 Figure 5.10: Comparison of different VFA concentrations in the effluent 5.6 Biomass Simulated concentrations of acidogens and methanogens in the reactor are presented in Figure As expected, the increase in feed flow at day 77 brings more substrate, which increases the number acidogenic organisms. The relatively slow response of methanogenic organism growth seen in Figure 5.11 can explain the increase in VFA concentrations at the same time. 13

18 Figure 5.11: Reactor concentrations of acidogens (amino acid and monosachharide degrading organisms) and methanogens (acetic acid and hydrogen degrading organisms). 5.7 Inhibition and ph The ADM1 model contains several inhibition factors that affect kinetic uptake and growth. Simulated values of these factors in the reactor are presented in Figure 5.12, where 1 means zero inhibition. Ammonia inhibition of aceticlastic methanogenesis increases on days 60 and 67, which coincides with the temperature increases and lower than expected biogas production. Hydrogen inhibition of organisms degrading propionate, butyrate, and valerate is stronger when flow rates are higher. Figure 5.12: Simulated inhibition factors. ph-h2: ph inhibition of hydrogen degrading organisms, NH3-acet. meth.: NH3 inhibition of aceticlastic 14

19 methanogenesis, H2-buty/val: hydrogen inhibition of butyrate and valerate, H2-propionate: hydrogen inhibition of propionate. Simulated and observed ph levels in the reactor are presented in Figure It is assumed that ph measurements of the effluent are representative of the reactor contents. The simulated ph in the reactor is consistently lower than the measured values. Figure 5.13: ph in the reactor A simulation was conducted to observe the possible impact of this difference by forcing the ph in the model to the observed levels. The AQUASIM model was modified by changing the definition of hydrogen ion concentration (the basis of ph) from a state variable to a formula variable referencing the measured ph values as shown in equation (5-1). (5-1) Figure 5.14 shows increased ammonia inhibition and that its shape is opposite to that of measured ph. This effect is consistent with equation (5-2), the dissociation when ammonia is dissolved in water. As ph increases the reaction shifts to the left, increasing ammonia levels and thus inhibition. The influence of this ammonia inhibition on biogas production can be seen in Figure The simulated gas composition also changed, showing 10-15% more methane (figure not shown). (5-2) 15

20 Figure 5.14: Simulated inhibition factors when ph in reactor set to measured values. ph H2: ph inhibition of hydrogen degrading organisms, NH3-acet. meth.: NH3 inhibition of aceticlastic methanogenesis, H2-buty/val: hydrogen inhibition of butyrate and valerate, H2 propionate: hydrogen inhibition of propionate. Figure 5.15: Biogas flow in the reactor using measured ph values in the model 5.8 Temperature effect A simulation was conducted to isolate the effect of temperature increases and the biogas production is presented in Figure The model used for the simulation above was modified to have constant, average scod and pcod influent, as well as a flow rate of 25 L/d. Temperature started at 24 C and increased to 30 C at day 10, and to 35 C at 16

21 day 60. Biogas production went from 155 L/d to 161 L/d to 166 L/d. These are clearly less dramatic than the observed increases. Figure 5.16: Temperature effect on biogas production (24 C, 30 C, 35 C). 5.9 Feed flow and washout Even though the granular sludge in the reactor is dense enough to remain in the reactor under high loading conditions, they are still susceptible to washout. A simulation was done in an attempt to find the maximum possible loading of the pilot plant. When the feed flow was increased step-wise to an extremely high level ( L/d) the biogas production increased congruently without dropping off. This signals that the model is unable to predict washout and therefore cannot be used to determine maximum loading conditions. In the model, solids are defined to remain in the reactor longer than the fluid, given by equation (5-3). The constant variable tres_x represents the number of days difference between solids retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). To model the granular sludge in the AD, tres_x was set to 100 days. This is the reason the model is unable to predict washout even when HRT was extremely low. (5-3) Another simulation was done setting tres_x to 0.1 (the equivalent of 2.4 hours) and increasing feed flow. In this scenario biogas production eventually crashed, indicating that washout conditions had occurred and were possible to predict with a different definition of tres_x. 17

22 6. Discussion Despite the thorough method used to define the influent, it is still an estimated average. The actual feed composition will vary between batches and constantly throughout the day. The simulated biogas production fits observed data best between days 15 and 60. This is expected because operating conditions during that time are similar to the steady-state conditions when many parameters were determined. Feed flow and temperature increases after day 60 cause the simulation to deviate from measured values. This is most likely because the model s reaction rates (uptake, growth, etc.) are defined independent of temperature. In the description of ADM1, Batstone et al. (2002) state that reaction rates increase with increasing temperature as predicted by the Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, van Lier et al. (1997) suggest that mesophilic methanogens grow twice as fast at 35 C than at 24 C. Figure 5.11 shows the slow growth of methanogens that limits biogas production. This growth (and that of other microorganisms) accounts for the consistent, low effluent scod even though the biogas production has not increased proportional to the feed rate. The two spikes in biogas production at days 60 and 67 are because of the temperature increase. The solubility of methane and carbon dioxide in water decreases with increasing temperature. As the temperature rises, gases dissolved in the reactor fluid are released to the headspace and increase the measure biogas flow. The drop in methane concentration and increase in carbon dioxide concentration is because the solubility of CO 2 drops more (percentage-wise) than methane, therefore the relative amount of CO 2 released is greater. The large step changes in simulated effluent pcod are not supported by the lab analysis. They are, however, inversely proportional to the feed flow. When the feed rate drops from 30 to 15 L/d on day 6, HRT doubles while SRT increases by only 7%. In other words, solids such as pcod are leaving the reactor at basically the same rate, while the amount of liquid leaving is half. For this reason the simulation shows that the concentration of pcod in the effluent is nearly double. In reality, the retention time of pcod is closer to HRT. In an earlier version of the model, simulated VFA concentrations were an order of magnitude below the measured values. Decreasing the yield of degradation (Y_ac) and increasing the half saturation constant of acetate utilization (Ks_ac) increased simulated concentrations of acetic and propionic acid. These changes reduce the rate and extent to which methanogens grow. As a result it also lowered simulated methanogen concentration, and is part of the reason the model underestimated biogas production after day 60. The fluctuating measurements of effluent VFA may not be correct. There are known instances of overdue liner (filter) changes on the gas chromatograph that may have caused inaccurate measurements. The ammonia inhibition of aceticlastic methanogenesis in Figure 5.12 changes with temperature. This is because the temperature dependence of the ammonium ion acid constant is included in the model. This inhibition contributes after day 60 to simulated biogas production that is lower than observed. 18

23 The reason for the discrepancy between simulated and observed reactor ph values is not known, nor are its consequences fully understood. One explanation may be that the lab analysis is done on samples stored at 4 C, and the ph of most solutions increase as temperature decreases. The model s inability to predict washout is because of the definition of SRT. described above, SRT will be at least 100 days with the current model definition. As 19

24 7. Conclusion The ADM1 model developed in this project simulates the anaerobic digestion process at Foss farm quite well. Correct description of the influent is necessary for the model to predict reactor operation accurately. This is especially important when the model is to be used for process control and optimization. The model is able to accurately predict methane, effluent COD and VFA concentrations in steady-state and dynamic operating conditions. Simulations at reactor temperatures greater than 24 C underestimate biogas production because the model s reaction rates are not functions of temperature. Redefining rates to be temperature dependent will allow the model to better predict the process over a wider range of operating conditions. Additional research could be done to better understand ph levels in the model and their relation to measured values. Another area of work could be to redefine SRT so the model can simulate washout. For example, SRT could be defined as a constant unless (using the if statement) the vertical velocity was greater than a recommended maximum value, where the velocity can be calculated from feed flow and reactor geometry. In conclusion, ADM1 is a valuable tool for the design and operation of anaerobic digesters with dairy manure substrate. ADM1 simulations provide information on many states in the reactor that can help identify limiting factors in the anaerobic digestion process. This can be used to improve operating conditions or assist in reactor design. At the same time, the sheer number of inputs and parameters that must be specified make it time-consuming and cumbersome to use. 20

25 8. References BATSTONE, D. J., KELLER, J., ANGELIDAKI, I., KALYUZHNYI, S. V., PAVLOSTATHIS, S. G., ROZZI, A., SANDERS, W. T., SIEGRIST, H. & VAVILIN, V. A The IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1 (ADM1). Water Sci Technol, 45, CANTRELL, K. B., DUCEY, T., RO, K. S. & HUNT, P. G Livestock waste-tobioenergy generation opportunities. Bioresource Technology, 99, GOSSETT, J. M. B., R. L Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division ASCE, 108, LUBKEN, M., WICHERN, M., SCHLATTMANN, M., GRONAUER, A. & HORN, H Modelling the energy balance of an anaerobic digester fed with cattle manure and renewable energy crops. Water Res, 41, PAGE, D. I., HICKEY, K. L., NARULA, R., MAIN, A. L. & GRIMBERG, S. J Modeling anaerobic digestion of dairy manure using Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1). Water Science and Technology, IWA, 58, RICO, J. L., GARCIA, H., RICO, C. & TEJERO, I Characterisation of solid and liquid fractions of dairy manure with regard to their component distribution and methane production. Bioresour Technol, 98, TCHOBANOGLOUS, G., BURTON, F. L. & STENSEL, H. D Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse, Boston, McGraw-Hill. VAN LIER, J. B., REBAC, S. & LETTINGA, G High-rate anaerobic wastewater treatment under psychrophilic and thermophilic conditions. Water Science and Technology, 35, ZEEMAN, G. & GERBENS, S CH4 emissions from animal manure. IPCC Expert Meetings on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC. ZHANG, B., FOWLER, K. R., GRACE, M. D., MONDAL, S. & GRIMBERG, S. J Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1): Simulation of Dairy Manure Digestion ASABE Annual International Meeting. Reno, Nevada: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 21

26 Appendix A: Selected ADM1 parameters Parameter Symbol Value Unit Ref. Disintegration constant kdis 0.4 1/d 1 Hydrolysis rate of carbs khyd_ch /d 2 Hydrolysis rate of lipids khyd_li 0.1 1/d 2 Hydrolysis rate of proteins khyd_pr 0.2 1/d 2 Max uptake rate of amino acid degrading km_aa 50 gcods/gcodx 3 organisms Max uptake rate of acetic acid degrading km_ac gcods/gcodx 4 organisms Max uptake rate of but. and val. degrading km_c4 20 gcods/gcodx 1 organisms Max uptake rate of LCFA degrading organisms km_fa 6 gcods/gcodx 3 Max uptake rate of hydrogen degrading organisms km_h2 140 gcods/gcodx 4 Max uptake rate of propionic acid degrading km_pro 13 gcods/gcodx 1 organisms Max uptake rate of monosaccharide degrading organisms km_su 30 gcods/gcodx 3 Yield of biomass on uptake of amino acids Y_aa 0.08 gcod/gcod 3 Yield of biomass on uptake of acetate Y_ac 0.03 gcod/gcod 5 Yield of biomass on uptake of valerate or butyrate Y_c gcod/gcod 1 Yield of biomass on uptake of long chain fatty acids Y_fa 0.06 gcod/gcod 3 Yield of biomass on uptake of elemental hydrogen Y_h gcod/gcod 5 Yield of biomass on uptake of propionate Y_pro 0.04 gcod/gcod 3 Yield of biomass on uptake of monosaccharides Y_su 0.1 gcod/gcod 3 References: 1. Default value from original UASB file 2. Batstone et al. (2002) 3. Page et al. (2008) 4. Zhang et al. (2009) 5. Estimated in this study from experimental results 22

27 Appendix B: Resampling code %Resampling Biogas Flow Rate- here to obtain fewer data points (i.e. decimation) %A filter is used by default on the original data %The order of the filter is 8. Probably not necessary to change order %but can be done using an additional argument in function idresamp. %Functions iddata and idresamp belongs to System Identifaction Tooolbox. %Get info about these functions, incl. additional arguments, with Help in %Matlab. %Alternatively, the resample function in Signal Processing TB can be used. %Modified by Benjamin Lyseng Tsampling=1/24/60/2; %Sampling time of original data. 30 sec experessed in unit of day. iddata_logdata=iddata(biogasflow_bronkhorst_filt,[],tsampling); %First input is file to be filtered resamp_factor=120; %120 gives hourly data. iddata_logdata_resamp=idresamp(iddata_logdata,resamp_factor); %Resampling is executed. logdata_resamp=iddata_logdata_resamp.y; %y is an element in the struct iddata_logdata_resamp. for i=1:length(logdata_resamp) t_data(i,1)=tsampling*resamp_factor*(i-1); %Time indexes the data in days t_data(i,2)=logdata_resamp(i); end save('biogasflow_resamp.txt','t_data','-ascii'); %Saving data to text-file. **The code for resampling other data (e.g. feed flow) is almost identical and not presented here. 23

28 HiT skrift / HiT Publication Benjamin C. Lyseng, Wenche Bergland, Deshai Botheju, Finn Haugen & Rune Bakke: Biogas reactor modelling with ADM1. 29 s. (HiT Publication 11/2012) Jan Heggenes, Frode Bergan, Espen Lydersen & Jostein Sageie: Rehabilitering av elvehabitat i Vallaråi, Seljord i Telemark: Forslag til tiltak. 72 s. (HiT-skrift 10/2012) Jan Heggenes, Jostein Sageie, Evie C. Kvisberglien, Bjørn Loland & Signe Stoll: Biologiske forutsetninger for produksjon av laks- og sjøørret i Farris og Siljanelva opp til Lakssjø. 62 s. (HiT-skrift 9/2012) Jan Heggenes: Forslag til tiltak for å bedre elvehabitat i Mykleelva, Siljan i Telemark. 108 s. (HiT-skrift 8/2012) Leif Kastdalen & Arne W. Hjeltnes: Vegetasjonskartlegging med satellittdata. 66 s. (HiT-skrift 7/2012) Inger Hanssen-Bauer: Klima i det 21. århundre i sydøstlige Norge med fokus på kystområdene. 46 s. (HiTskrift 6/2012) Jan Ove Tangen: Golfens helseregnskap. helseeffekter. 50 s. (HiT-skrift 5/2012) Skisse til en samfunnsøkonomisk analyse av golfens Howard Parker & Frank Rosell: Beaver Management in Norway - A Review of Recent Literature and Current Problems. 62 s. (HiT Publication 4/2012) Jan Heggenes: Konsekvenser av utslipp av kjølevann i dam Dale, Måna elv, Tinn i Telemark. 21 s. (HiTskrift 3/2012) Ellinor Young: På sporet av adopsjon. 47 s. (HiT-skrift 2/2012) Nanna Løkka og Geir Vestheim (red.): KulturRikets Tilstand s. (HiT-skrift 1/2012) Inger M. Oellingrath, Martin V. Svendsen, Ingunn Fjørtoft og Ingebjørg Hestetun: Kostholds- og måltidsmønster, fysisk aktivitet og vektutvikling hos barn i grunnskolen i Telemark. 32 s. HiT-skrift 5/2011. Jan Heggenes, Frode Bergan og Espen Lydersen: Fiskebiologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med pålegg om fysiske utbedringer i Vallaråi, Seljord i Telemark. 43 s. (HiT-skrift 4/2011) Nils E. Sørgaard: Pariteter og stabiliseringspolitikk. 87 s. (HiT-skrift 3/2011) Jens Wollebæk, Knut H. Røed og Jan Heggenes: Genetisk struktur hos ørret i Mjøsa. 48 s. (HiT-skrift 2/2011) Per Mangset og Kjærsti Skjeldal (red.): KulturRikets Tilstand s. (HiT-skrift 1/2011) Astrid Gundersen og Ellinor Young: Barnevernsarbeideres erfaringer med mødre som har intellektuelle funksjonshemminger. 43 s. (HiT-skrift 5/2010) Niklas Kreander, Vivien Beattie & Ken McPhail: Charity Ethical Investment in Norway. 46 s. (HiT Publication 4/2010) Espen Lydersen, Anne Trasti og Jostein Sageie: Tilførsler av næringsstoffer, metaller og andre miljøgifter til grenlandsfjordene s. (HiT-skrift 3/2010) Per Mangset og Espen S. Matheussen (red.): KulturRikets Tilstand s. (HiT-skrift 2/2010) Ragnar Prestholdt: Fotomotivundersøkelsen i Vrådal og Tinn s., 1 cd (HiT-skrift 1/2010) Kirsten Palm og Hein Lindquist: Læring i en flerspråklig skole. Tospråklig opplæring på barnetrinnet et eksempel på en organiseringsmodell. 60 s. (HiT-skrift 3/2009) 24

29 Jan Heggenes, Jostein Sageie og Jostein Kristiansen: Rehabilitering av elvehabitat i Tokkeåi, Dalen i Telemark: Tilstand og tiltak. 85 s. (HiT-skrift 2/2009) Sigrun Hvalvik: Skal vi dele en historie? Personlige erfaringer som inntak til forståelse i eldreomsorgen. 20 s. (HiT-skrift 1/2009) Inger M. Oellingrath, Martin V. Svendsen, Michael Reinboth: Kostholds- og måltidsmønster, fysisk aktivitet og vektutvikling hos barn i grunnskolen i Telemark, del 1, 4. klassetrinn. 26 s. (HiT-skrift 4/2008) Anne Svånaug Haugan, Niels Kayser Nielsen og Peter Stadius (red.): Musikk og nasjonalisme i Norden. 162 s. (HiT-skrift 3/2008) Niklas Kreander, Vivien Beattie & Ken McPhail: Charity ethical investment: Policy practice and disclosure. 49 s. (HiT Publication 2/2008) Ragnar Prestholdt: Fotomotivundersøkelsen på Geilo, Hovden og i Rauland s., 1 cd (HiT-skrift 1/2008) Anne Aasmundsen, Per Isaksen og Ragnar Prestholdt: Reiselivsundersøking i Setesdal s., vedlegg. (HiT-skrift 1/2007) Jan Heggenes og Jostein Sageie: Rehabilitering av Måna, Tinn i Telemark: Tilstand og tiltak. 73 s. (HiTskrift 6/2006) Nils Per Hovland: Bygg nettverk stå på! En studie av entreprenørielle prosesser i Buskerud, Telemark og Vestfold. 45 s. (HiT-skrift 5/2006) Sigrun Hvalvik og Ellinor Young: Et sted hvor hun kan finne seg til rette og bo. Om ugifte mødre og fødehjem i Telemark i perioden s. (HiT-skrift 4/2006) Halvor Kleppen: Etikette i golf. 71 s. (HiT-skrift 3/2006) Arne Hjeltnes: Kartlegging av habitater til hjort i deler av 4 kommuner i Telemark. Utprøving av objektbasert klassifikasjon på Landsat 5 satellittdata. 35 s., 1 kart. (HiT-skrift 2/2006) Arne Hjeltnes: Høyoppløselige bilder som grunnlag for overvåking av endringer i fjellvegetasjon. Skisse til nytt registreringssystem. 47 s. (HiT-skrift 1/2006) Ole Martin Høystad: Tempo og paradoks i mentalitetshistoriske endringar. Undset-Elias-Foucault. 40 s. (HiT-skrift 7/2005) Ole Martin Høystad: Hjertet i hjernen. Det biologiske grunnlaget for kjenslene. 49 s. (HiT-skrift 6/2005) Else Marie Halvorsen: Forskning gjennom skapende arbeid? 61 s. (HiT-skrift 5/2005) Synne Kleiven: Overvåking av Prestevju rensepark. Sluttrapport s., vedlegg. (HiT-skrift 4/2005) Anne Aasmundsen, Per Isaksen og Ragnar Prestholdt: Reiselivsundersøking i Setesdal s. (HiTskrift 3/2005) Bjørn Egeland, Norvald Fimreite and Olav Rosef: Liver element profiles of red deer with special reference to copper, and biological implications. 32 s. (HiT Publication 2/2005) Arne Lande, Kjell Lande og Torstein Lauvdal (2005): Fiskeundersøking i 4 kalka vatn på Gråhei, Bygland kommune, Aust-Agder. 22 s. (HiT-skrift 1/2005) Oddvar Hollup: Educational policies, reforms and the role of teachers unions in Mauritius. 37 s. (HiT Publication 8/2004) Bjørn Kristoffersen: Introduksjon til databaseprogrammering med Java. 33 s. (HiT-skrift 7/2004) 25

30 Inger M. Oellingrath: Kosthold, kroppslig selvbilde og spiseproblemer blant ungdom i Porsgrunn. 45 s. (HiT-skrift 6/2004) Svein Roald Moen: Knud Lyne Rahbeks Dansk Læsebog og Exempelsamling til de forandrede lærde Skolers Brug. 491 s. (HiT-skrift 5/2004) Tangen, Jan Ove, red. Kyststien tre perspektiver. 27 s. (HiT-skrift 3/2004) Jan Ove Tangen: Idrettsanlegg og anleggsbrukere-tause forventninger og taus kunnskap. 59 s. (HiT-skrift 2/2004) Greta Hekneby: Fonologisk bevissthet og lesing. 43 s. (HiT-skrift 1/2004) Ingunn Fjørtoft og Tone Reiten: Barn og unges relasjoner til natur og friluftsliv. 83 s. (HiT-skrift 10/2003) Else Marie Halvorsen: Teachers understanding of culture and of transference of culture. 40 s. (HiT-skrift 9/2003) P.G. Rathnasiri and Magnar Ottøy: Oxygen transfer and transport resistance across Silicone tubular membranes. 31 s. (HiT Publication 8/2003) Else Marie Halvorsen: Den estetiske dimensjonen og kunstfeltet - ulike tilnærminger. 17 s. (HiT-skrift 7/2003) Else Marie Halvorsen: Estetisk erfaring. En fenomenlogisk tilnærming i Roman Ingardens perspektiv. 12 s. (HiT-skrift 6/2003) Steinar Kjosavik: Fra forming til kunst og håndverk, fagutvikling og skolepolitikk s. (HiTskrift 5/2003) Olav Solberg, Herleik Baklid, Peter Fjågesund, red.: Tekst og tradisjon. M. B. Landstad s. (HiT-skrift 4/2003) Ella Melbye: Hovedfagsoppgaver i forming Notodden Faglig innhold sett i lys av det å forme. 129 s. 1 CD-rom. (HiT-skrift 3/2003) Olav Rosef m.fl.: Escherichia coli-bakterien som alle har men som noen blir syke av en oversikt. 22 s. (HiT-skrift 2/2003) Olav Rosef m.fl.: Forekomsten av E.coli O157 ( hamburgerbakterien ) hos storfe i Telemark og i kjøttdeig fra Trøndelag (2003) 25 s. (HiT-skrift 1/2003) Roy Istad: Oppretting av polygon. 24 s. (HiT-skrift 3/2002) Ella Melbye, red.: Hovedfagsstudium i forming 25 år. 81 s. (HiT-skrift 2/2002) Olav Rosef m.fl.: Hjorten (Cervus elaphus atlanticus) i Telemark. 29 s. (HiT-skrift 1/2001) Else Marie Halvorsen: Kulturforståelse hos lærere i Telemark anno s. (HiT-skrift 4/2000) Norvald Fimreite, Bjarne Nenseter and Bjørn Steen: Cadmium concentrations in limed and partly reacidified lakes in Telemark, Norway. 16 s. (HiT-skrift 3/2000) Tåle Bjørnvold: Minimering av omstillingstider ved produksjon av høvellast. 65 s. (HiT-skrift 2/2000) Sunil R. de Silva, ed.: International Symposium. Reliable Flow of Particulate Solids III Proceedings August 1999, Porsgrunn, Norway. Vol. 1-2 (HiT-skrift 1/2000) 26

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32 HiT notat / HiT Working Paper Jan Heggenes: Konsekvenser av nytt sideløp til båthavn ved kanal undervann Mel kraftstasjon, Måna elv, Tinn i Telemark. 22 s. (HiT-notat 1/2012) Heidi Haukelien: I velferdsstatens randsone. Evaluering av Boteam, Porsgrunn. 75 s. (HiT-notat 3/2008) Olav Tangvald-Pedersen, red.: Å komme seg. Pasientformulert rehabilitering. 50 s. (HiT-notat 2/2008) Jan Heggenes: Tinfos I kanalisering av undervannet, fiskebiologiske vurderinger. 14 s. (HiT-notat 1/2008) Olav Dalland og Kjersti Røsvik: Fra intensjon til realitet og tilbake til intensjonen igjen. Evaluering av fleksibelt bachelorstudium i sykepleie. 77 s. (HiT-notat 3/2007) Per Gunnar Disch m.fl.: Feltarbeid på nett. En oppsummering av erfaringer fra feltarbeid på fleksibel sykepleierutdanning kull s. (HiT-notat 2/2007) Per Gunnar Disch og Anne K. Malme, red.: Selvevaluering av fleksibelt bachelorstudium i sykepleie. Fra intensjon til realitet. 77 s. (HiT-notat 1/2007) Sidsel Beate Kløverød: Tap av verdighet i møte med offentlig forvaltning. 135 s. (HiT-notat 2/2004) Roy M. Istad : Tettere studentoppfølging? Undervegsrapport fra et HiT-internt prosjekt. 15 s.(hit-notat 1/2004) Eli Thorbergsen m.fl.: Kunnskapens tre har røtter Praksisfortellinger fra barnehagen. En FOU-rapport. 42 s. (HiT-notat 5/2003) Per Arne Åsheim, ed.: Science didactic. Challenges in a period of time with focus on learning processes and new technology. 54 s. (HiT Working Paper 4/2003) Roald Kommedal and Rune Bakke: Modeling Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm detachment. 29 s. (HiT Working Paper 3/2003) Elisabeth Aase: Ledelse i undervisningssykehjem. 27 s., vedlegg. (HiT-notat 2/2003) Jan Heggenes og Knut H. Røed: Genetisk undersøkelse av stamfisk av ørret fra Måna, Tinnsjø. 10 s. (HiTnotat 1/2003) Erik Halvorsen, red.: Bruk av Hypermedia og Web-basert informasjon i naturfagundervisningen. Presentasjon og kritisk analyse. 69 s. (HiT-notat 2/2002) Harald Klempe: Overvåking av grunnvannsforurensning fra Revdalen kommunale avfallsfylling, Bø i Telemark. Årsrapport s. (HiT-notat 1/2002) Jan Ove Tangen: Kompetanse og kompetansebehov i norske golfklubber. 12 s. (HiT-notat 6/2001) Øyvind Risa: Evaluering av Musikk 1. 5 vekttall. Desember Høgskolen i Telemark, Allmennlærerutdanninga på Notodden. 39 s. (HiT-notat 5/2001) Harald Klempe: Overvåking av grunnvannsforurensning fra Revdalen kommunale avfallsfylling, Bø i Telemark. Årsrapport s. (HiT-notat 4/2001) 28

33 Harald Klempe: Overvåking av grunnvannsforurensning fra Revdalen kommunale avfallsfylling, Bø i Telemark. Årsrapport s. (HiT-notat 3/2001) Sigrun Hvalvik: Tolking av historisk tekst et hermeneutisk perspektiv. Et vitenskapsteoretisk essay. 28 s. (HiT-notat 2/2001) Sigrun Hvalvik: Georg Henrik von Wright. Explanation of the human action : an analysis of von Wright s assumptions form the perspective of theory development in nursing history. 27 s. (HiT-notat 1/2001) Arne Lande og Ralph Stålberg, red.: Bruken av Hardangervidda ressurser, potensiale, konflikter. Bø i Telemark april Seminarrapport. 57 s. (HiT-notat 3/2000) Nils Per Hovland: Studentar i oppdrag: ein rapport som oppsummerer utført arbeid og røynsler frå prosjektet Nyskaping som samarbeidsprosess mellom SMB og HiT, s. (HiT-notat 2/2000) Jan Heggenes : Undersøkelser av gyteplasser til ørret i Tinnelvas utløp fra Tinnsjø (Tinnoset), Notodden i Telemark, s. (HiT-notat 1/2000) HiT-skrift og HiT-notat kan bestilles fra Høgskolen i Telemark, kopisenteret i Bø: e-post: kopi-bo@hit.no, tlf HiT Publications and HiT Working Papers can be ordered from the Copy Centre, Telemark University College, Bø Campus: kopi-bo@hit.no, tel.: De fleste HiT-skrift og HiT-notat finnes elektronisk i TEORA -Telemark Open Research Archive You will find most of the HiT Publications and HiT Working Papers in full-text in TEORA - Telemark Open Research Archive 29