Design and Use of Building Materials for Improved Environmental Impact

Transkript

1 Side 1 Design and Use of Building Materials for Improved Environmental Impact Based on case Utsyn Pilestredet Park Contractor PEAB Presented by; Leif Øie, PhD Head of Division Environment, water and safety Norconsult AS Building materials and their environmental impact ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Resource consumption Risk of negative ecolical impact in production, construction, use, refurbishment and demolition/waste generation Risk of health hazards in construction, use, refurbishment or demolition Resources Energy MATERIALS - Energy use in LC - Use of virging resources - Use of non-renewable resources Water Land Pollution of outdoor environment (Ecolical impact) Air emissions Water emissions Soil emissions/ soil pollutions/ waste Indoor climate (Health impact) Carcinenic Embryo and gene damages Damages on the nervous system Allergenic Mocus membrane irritant

2 Side 2 Why is building materials important in buildings sustainability? In Norway today we can select from 60 80,000 different building materials, of whom many of these we have very limited experience in use. Historical scandals call for precautionary (asbestos, formaldehyde, casein, 4-phenyl cyclohexene (P-4C) in carpets, PCB) Today the frequency of refurbishment is higher than years ago. New building construction in average generates kg solid waste per m 2 new building. More than 60% of indoor pollutions originate from building materials. In office buildings the Norwegian building code require the same amount of fresh outdoor air supply to ventilate pollutions from building materials as pollutions from humans. Pollutions from building materials we can do something with! Pilestredet Park Utsyn 1 Pilestredet Park Utsyn

3 Side 3 Pilestredet Park Utsyn 137 apartments 120 parking lots 200 m 2 business premises 15,764 m 2 gross total Contractors total costs 173 M NOK excl. tax (21 M EUR) Construction periode: 22 months Pilestredet Park Utsyn Building facts 7 floors, the lowest 3 partly below terrain Originally planed as prefabricated concrete elements, changed to cast in situ Prefabricated bathrooms Prefabricated external walls Balconies Balanced mechanical ventilation High tech climate and light control system Pilestredet Park Utsyn

4 Side 4 Selection of building materials Step 1 Principal choices in preliminary design stage. Selection of material type, not fabricate Folksam Construction guide ( ( )

5 Side 5 Handbook for sustainable building Example of principal evaluations of different types of materials, not fabricate* Material/Type Flooring Content of chemicals Indoor climate qualities Use and maintenace qualities Raw material, production and waste handling Precautions in selection and use Concrete Bør kontrolleres mht hjelpestoffer. Betong er normalt tilnærmet avgassingfri. Som gulvmateriale slipes normalt overflaten forsegles med voks eller akryl. Meget bra slitestyrke. Betong produseres av mineralske materialer i en energikrevende prosess. Rubber Thermoset Carpet plastic laminate High pressure laminate Spesifikke Spesifikke produkter produkter bør bør sjekkes sjekkes mot mot OBS-listen. OBS-listen. Enkelte farger Enkelte kan inneholde farger kan tungmetaller inneholde tungmetaller Spesifikke Ingen produkter problemer bør i sjekkes forhold særskilt. til GuTsertifiserte Normalt tepper. ingen problemer. Enkelte Enkelte gummibelegg gummibelegg er er sterkt sterkt luktende luktende kan kan gi gi ineklimaproblemer. ineklima-problemer. Store forskjeller Store forskjeller mellom mellom de beste de beste de dårligste de dårligste produktene. produktene. De beste produktene De beste har produktene lave emisjoner har av lave flyktige emisjoner organiske stoffer. av VOC. Gode Generelt inneklimaegenskaper et høyemitterende hos materiale. ferdig Nye utherdede tepper med produkter. lav luv kan ha gode inneklima-egenskaper. Pga Gode dårligere inneklimaegenskaper, muligheter for svært rengjøring lav avgassing. sammenlignet med harde gulv vil egenskapene kunne dårligere over tid. Kan Kan legges legges i tørre tørre våte våte soner soner eksklusive eksklusive våtrom. våtrom. Trenger normalt ingen vedlikeholdsbehandling Trenger normalt ingen vedlikeholdsbehandling gir lave vedlikeholdsutgifter. gir lave Har meget vedlikeholdsutgifter. god slitestyrke. Har meget god slitestyrke. Gode Tåler bruksegenskaper det meste, meget mht god rengjørbarhet. gangvennlighet akustiske egenskaper. Vanskelige å holde rene i praksis Kan bare legges i tørre soner Råmaterialet Råmaterialet er er kautsjuk, kautsjuk, mineralske mineralske fyllstoffer fyllstoffer (vanligvis (vanligvis silikater, silikater, titanium titanium dioksid dioksid sink sink oksid) oksid) samt samt fargepigmenter. fargepigmenter. Produseres i all hovedsak av kunstmaterialer med opphav i oljebaserte produkter. Produseres av herdeplastimpregnert papir (fenolplast) melaminplast på overflaten. Ceramic PVC flooring tiles Enkelte Inneholder store Meget De beste gode produktene har Kan Meget legges bra slitestyrke i så vel tørre Produseres på av basis av glasserte mengder flis meget inneklimaegenskaper. lav avgassing av Ikke som tilsmussing våte soner av fuger inkludert kan olje mineralske klorider råmaterialerressurser. - ikke kan myknere, inneholde den flyktige nødvendigvis organiske godt stoffer å gå på - våtrom. være problem. Renholdsvennlighetenmed i en energi- fornybare tungmetaller vanligste - små vurderes eller ingen i forhold til vil avhenge Banebelegg Ikke krevende spesielt prosess. uglasserte mykneren flis er luktproblemer. bruken. Avgivelse av polyuretan av glasseringen, (PUR) overflatestrukturenreduserer energikrevende, Uproblematisk men uproblematiske. DEHP står mykgjørere mistenkes å fargen. overflate miljøskadelig avfallsbehandling. oppført på kunne utløse astma hos små behovet for vedlikeholdsbehandling. produksjonsprosess. contact Leif Øie, Norconsult AS * ) Complete list for almost prioritetslisten all types of bulding barn. Av materials generelle are available, for utfasing miljøhensyn bør vinyl innen banebelegg søkes unngått. Inneklimarelevant Inneklimarelevant dokumentasjon dokumentasjon må må frem-skaffes fremskaffes vurderes. vurderes. Prøver av aktuelle Prøver av beleggstyper aktuelle bør beleggstyper vurderes spesielt bør i forhold vurderes til spesielt i luktavgivelse. forhold til luktavgiv. Det bør stilles krav om GuT-sertifikat. Preferer lavluvet teppe med Ingenskårne spesiell løkker. ved bruk av produkter fra anerkjente produsenter Inneklimarelevant Spesiell dokumentasjon må utover fremskaffes rent tekniske krav vurderes. anses unødvendig. Sveising av polyuretanbelagt PVC medfører frigivelse av isocyanater (svært helseskadelig).

6 Side 6 Use of plasticizers/phthlates in building constructions PVC flooring (~ ton/year) PVC roof covering (~2 500 ton/year) PVC wallpaper (~2 000 ton/year) Glue, painting and lacquer Furnitue upholstery and artificial leather Sealing compound and weather stripping different phthalates in use. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most widely used. Phthalates in PVC increases the risk of asthma Phthalates in PVC flooring migrates and adsorb to particulate matter/sedimented dust. Inhaled resuspended dust with phthalates increase risk of asthma in children. This effect was internationally first recnized in a Norwegian study in 1999 [1,2]. The effect is verified in a new Swedish/Danish study in 2004 [3] where extensive evidence is given to the phthalates as the active substance. 1. Øie L, LG Hersoug and JO Madsen Residential exposure to plasticizers and its possible role in the pathenesis of asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives 105: Jaakkola JJ, Øie L, Nafstad P, Botten G, Samuelsen SO, Magnus P Interior surface materials in the home and the development of bronchial obstruction in young children in Oslo, Norway. Am J Public Health 89: Bornehag, CG, J Sundrell, CJ Weschler, T Sigsgaard, Björn Lundgren, Mikael Hasselgren, Linda Hägerhed-Engman. Environmental Health Perspectives The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case-Control Study Adjusted Odds Ratio 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Plasticizer index - asthma Reference 50-70th perc th perc Percentile

7 Side 7 Selection of building materials Step 2 Specification of environmental performance the definite fabricate have to meat Example of environmental performance demands Tender document specification: The definite material fabricate can maximum hold 0,1 weight% chemicals listed on the OBS-list of The Environmental Protection Agency. The contractor have to present documentation of compliance with the specifications before introduced to the building site.

8 Side 8 Health, Safety and Environment Sheet. What to look for? Check against the online EPA OBS-list

9 Side 9 Example of emission requirements Table: Performance regarding emissions of TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compounds) Product type Linoleum flooring Emission rate 4 weeks [µg/m 2 x h] < 100 Emission rate 26 weeks [µg/m 2 x h] < 50 Glue for linoleum PVC flooring Self-smoothing stopper Sealing compound Latex paint Acrylic paint Alkyd paint Other products < 100 < 100 < 60 < 1500 < 40 < 40 < 100 < 150 < 20 < 30 < 30 < 500 < 20 < 20 < 50 < 50 Example of specific requirements Table: Performance regarding emissions specific substances Substance Emission rate at 4 weeks [µg/m 2 x h] Formaldehyde emission (H 2 CO) Amonia emission (NH 3 ) Emission of carcinenic substances, category 1 according to IARC classification 1 < 50 < 30 < 0,5 1 World Health Organization (WHO), "Air Quality Guidelines for Europe". Copenhagen, WHO's regional office for Europa, page 22. WHO Guidelines for Air Quality, Geneva National public health. Recommended norms for indoor air quality 1998.

10 Side 10 Emission factor Time in weeks TVOC emissions from 35 PVC- and linoleum products Emission factor (µg/h*m 2 ) etter 26 uker etter 4 uker Source: Gustafsson H, Jonsson B. Rade standards for testing chemical emission from building materials. Part 1. Measurements flooring materials. Proceedings Indoor Air 1993, Vol 2 pp

11 Side 11 Effect of presence of 36 m 2 carpet Test Effect Description P-value Text processing - speed Text processing - accuracy 6,5% Less characters typed with carpet present 0,003 5,0% More errors with carpet present 0,10 Summation - speed 3,8% Less summation tasks completed with carpet present Summation - accuracy 0,045 2,5% More errors with carpet present 0,06 Lical test 3,4% Increased time consumption with carpet present Source:Wargocki et.al. Indoor Air 9(3), ,08

12 Side 12 Selection of building materials Step 3 Converting of specifications into green list for construction managers follow up on site Steps towards success Each step equally important! OK according to guidelines No in step 1? Yes Pass specifications No in step 2? Yes Have contractor provided No evidence for compliance with specifications in step 2? Yes Fabricate is added to No construction mangers list of green products Yes Actual use on site in No compliance with list of green products? Yes Sustainable building material ensured Avoid Avoid Avoid /deny use Avoid Debug/ repair

13 Side 13 With the use of this approach we; avoided 12 products types in step 1, i.e; PVC flooring Zink as main roof covering Polyurethan foam evaluated approximately 70 fabricates in step 2 avovided 23 fabricates in step 2 i.e; Jotun Heftgrunn (paint) Uzin KE 2000 S (flooring glue) denied use of 3 non-authorized fabricates identified on site, i.e; Bostik MS polymer sealing compound Thank you for your attention! Leif Øie, PhD Head of Division Environment, water and safety Norconsult AS