not to be republished NCERT O;olk; vè;;u Hkkx 2 O;olk;] foùk,oa foi.ku

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2 O;olk; vè;;u Hkkx 2 O;olk;] foùk,oa foi.ku

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4 O;olk; vè;;u Hkkx 2 O;olk;] foùk,oa foi.ku d{kk 12 osq fy, ikb~;iqlrd

5 izfke laldj.k vizsy 2007 os'kk[k 1929 iqueqzæ.k tuojh 2008 ek?k 1929 iqjojh 2009 ek?k 1930 PD 15T RPS jk"vªh; 'ksf{kd vuqla/ku vksj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] 2007 # ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okvjekozq 80 th-,l-,eisij ij eqfnzra izdk'ku fohkkx esa lfpo] jk"vªh; 'ksf{kd vuqlaèkku vksj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vj on ekxz] u;h fnyyh }kjk izdkf'kr rfkk dksf'kd vkwiqlsv izsl (izk0) fy0] lh&34] lsdvj&58] uks,mk }kjk eqfæra ISBN (Hkkx 1) (Hkkx 2) lokzf/dkj lqjf{kr izdk'kd dh iwoz vuqefr osq fcuk bl izdk'ku osq fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rfkk bysdvªkwfudh] e'khuh] iqksvksizfrfyfi] fjdkwfmz±x vfkok fdlh vu; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vfkok izlkj.k oftzr gsa bl iqlrd dh fcøh bl 'krz osq lkfk dh xbz gs fd izdk'kd dh iwoz vuqefr osq fcuk ;g iqlrd vius ewy vkoj.k vfkok ftyn osq vykok fdlh vu; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufozø; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xha bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewy; bl i`"b ij eqfæzr gsa jcm+ dh eqgj vfkok fpidkbz xbz iphz (flvdj) ;k fdlh vu; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbz Hkh la'kksf/r ewy; xyr gs rfkk eku; ugha gksxka,u lh bz vkj Vh osq izdk'ku fohkkx osq dk;kzy;,u-lh-bz-vkj-vh- osaqil Jh vjfoan ekxz u;h fnyyh iqksu % 011& ] 100 iqhv jksm gsyh,dlvsasa'ku] gkslmsosqjs cuk'kadjh III blvst csaxywj iqksu % 080& uothou VªLV Hkou Mkd?kj uothou vgenkckn iqksu % 079& lh-mcy;w-lh- osaqil fudv% /udy cl LVkWi ifugvh dksydkrk iqksu % 033& lh-mcy;w-lh- dkweiysdl ekyhxkao xqokgkvh iqksu % 0361& izdk'ku lg;ksx vè;{k] izdk'ku fohkkx % isõ;svh jktkoqqekj eq[; mriknu vfèkdkjh % f'ko oqqekj eq[; laiknd % 'osrk miiy eq[; O;kikj vfèkdkjh % xksre xkaxqyh laiknd % efj;e ckjk mriknu lgk;d % jkts'k fiiy vkoj.k fp=kkadu 'osrk jko lqjs'k yky

6 vkeq[k jk"vªh; ikb~;p;kz dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gs fd cppksa osq LowQyh thou dks ckgj osq thou ls tksm+k tkuk pkfg,a ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osq foijhr gs ftlosq izhkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vksj?kj osq chp varjky cuk, gq, gsa u;h jk"vªh; ikb~;p;kz ij vk/kfjr ikb~;øe vksj ikb~;iqlrosaq bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gsaa bl iz;kl esa gj fo"k; dks,d e kcwr nhokj ls?ksj nsus vksj tkudkjh dks jvk nsus dh izo`fùk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gsa vk'kk gs fd ;s dne gesa jk"vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa of.kzr cky&osaqfær O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dki+kqh nwj rd ys tk, xsa bl iz;ru dh liqyrk vc bl ckr ij fuhkzj gs fd LowQyksa osq izkpk;z vksj vè;kid cppksa dks dyiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vksj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vksj lh[kus osq nksjku vius vuqhkoksa ij fopkj djus dk fdruk volj nsrs gsaa gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vksj vk kknh nh tk, rks cpps cm+ksa }kjk lksaih xbz lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqm+dj vksj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gsaa f'k{kk osq fofo/ lk/uksa,oa Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikb~;iqlrd dks ijh{kk dk,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh izo`fùk gsa ltzuk vksj igy dks fodflr djus osq fy, k:jh gs fd ge cppksa dks lh[kus dh izfø;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vksj cuk, ] mugsa Kku dh fu/kzfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaa ;s mís'; LowQy dh nsfud f kanxh vksj dk;z'ksyh esa dki+kqh isqjcny dh ek x djrs gsaa nsfud le;&lkj.kh es a yphykiu mruk gh k:jh gs ftruk okf"kzd osqys amj osq vey es a pqlrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osq fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losqa f'k{k.k vksj ewy;kadu dh fof/;k Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikb~;iqlrd LowQy esa cppksa osq thou dks ekufld ncko rfkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqhko mriuu djus esa fdruh izhkkoh fl¼ gksrh gsa cks> dh lel;k ls fuivus osq fy, ikb~;øe fuekzrkvks a us fofhkuu pj.kks a es a Kku dk iqufuz/kzj.k djrs le; cppksa osq euksfokku,oa vè;kiu osq fy, miyc/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gsa bl dksf'k'k dks vksj lkfkzd cukus osq ;Ru esa ;g ikb~;iqlrd lksp&fopkj vksj fole;] NksVs lewgks a es a ckrphr,oa cgl vksj gkfk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/ ;ksa dks izkfkfedrk nsrh gsa

7 vi,u- lh- bz- vkj- Vh- bl iqlrd dh jpuk osq fy, cukbz xbz ikb~;iqlrd fuekz.k lfefr osq ifjje osq fy, ÑrKrk O;Dr djrh gsa ifj"kn~ lkekftd fokku ikb~;iqlrd lykgdkj lewg osq vè;{k izksi+ksqlj gfj oklqnsou vksj O;kolkf;d vè;;u ikb~;iqlrd lfefr osq eq[; lykgdkj] izksi+ksqlj Mh- ih-,l- oekz (lsokfuo`r)] fnyyh LowQy vkwiq bdksukwfedl] fnyyh fo'ofo ky; vksj MkW- th-,y- Vk;y] izokpd] jketl dkwyst] fnyyh fo'ofo ky;] osq fo'ks"k vkhkkjh gsaa bl ikb~;iqlrd osq fodkl esa dbz f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks lahko cukus osq fy, ge muosq izkpk;ks± osq vkhkkjh gsaa ge mu lhkh lalfkkvksa vksj laxbuksa osq izfr ÑrK gsa ftugksaus vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh rfkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwozd lg;ksx fn;ka ge ekè;fed,oa mpp f'k{kk fohkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izksi+ksqlj e`.kky ehjh,oa izksi+ksqlj th- ih- ns'kikams dh vè;{krk esa xfbr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekwuhvfjax desvh) osq lnl;ksa dks viuk ewy;oku le; vksj lg;ksx nsus osq fy, /U;okn nsrs gsaa O;oLFkkxr lqèkkjksa vksj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osq izfr lefizr,u-lh-bz-vkj-vh- fviif.k;ksa,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh] ftuls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn yh tk losqa funs'kd u;h fnyyh jk"vªh; 'ksf{kd vuqla/ku vksj 20 uoacj 2006 izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~

8 ikb~;iqlrd fuekz.k lfefr vè;{k] lkekftd fokku ikb~;iqlrd lykgdkj lfefr gfj oklqnsou] izksi+ksqlj] bfrgkl fohkkx] dydùkk fo'ofo ky;] dksydùkk eq[; lykgdkj Mh- ih-,l- oekz] izksi+ksqlj (lsokfuo`ùk)] okf.kt; fohkkx] vfkz'kkl=k fnyyh fo ky;] fnyyh fo'ofo ky;] fnyyh lykgdkj th-,y- Vk;y] izokpd] jketl dkwyst] fnyyh fo'ofo ky;] fnyyh lnl; vkuan ldlsuk] izokpd] nhu n;ky mikè;k; dkwyst] fnyyh fo'ofo ky; nsosuæ osq- osn] izksi+ksqlj] lkekftd fokku,oa ekufodh f'k{kk fohkkx],u-lh-bz-vkj-vh-] u;h fnyyh,e-,e- xks;y] izokpd] ih-th- Mh-,-oh- dkwyst] fnyyh fo'ofo ky; ujflegk ewfrz] iz/kukpk;z] fo'ofo ky; LukrdksÙkj dkwyst] lqcsnjh] vue dksamk] ftyk okjaxy] vka/z izns'k iwtk nlkuh] ih- th- Vh- okf.kt;] dkwuosav vkwiq thlsl,am esjh] xksy Mkd[kkuk] u;h fnyyh vkj- ch- lksyadh] iz/kukpk;z] ch- vkj- vacsmdj dkwyst] fnyyh fo'ofo ky; #fp dddm+] izodrk] vkpk;z ujsuæ nso dkwyst] fnyyh fo'ofo ky; Jqfr cks/ vxzoky] mi iz/kukpk;kz] jktdh; izfrhkk fodkl fo ky;] fd'kuxat fnyyh lqefr oekz] izokpd] Jh vjfcanksa dkwyst] fnyyh fo'ofo ky; okbz- oh- jsm~mh] izokpd] okf.kt; fohkkx] xksok fo'ofo ky;] xksok fganh vuqokn vej flag lapku] vkj-osq- iqje] u;h fnyyh,l- osq caly] ih-th-vh- okf.kt; (lsokfuo`r)] def'kz;y lhfu;j lsoaqmjh LowQy] nfj;kxat] u;h fnyyh,y-vkj- ikbd] f'k{kk vf/dkjh (lsokfuo`r)] f'k{kk funs'kky;] fnyyh iz'kklu] fnyyh lhek JhokLro] izokpd] Mh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh- (,l-lh-bz-vkj-vh)] eksrh ckx] u;h fnyyh lnl; leuo;d ehuw uaæktksx] izokpd] lkekftd fokku,oa ekufodh f'k{kk fohkkx],u-lh-bz-vkj-vh-] u;h fnyyh

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10 vè;kidksa osq fy, ;g ikb~;iqlrd O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dh,d vpnh tkudkjh nsus dh vis{kk djrh gsa,d izcu/ d dks O;olk; dh tfvy] xfr'khy flfkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk im+rk gsa fo"k;&olrq dks vf/d le`¼ cukus osq fy, O;kolkf;d i=k&if=kdkvksa vksj ys[kksa osq m¼j.kksa dks vfrfjdr :i ls dks"bdksa esa tksm+k x;k gsa blls fo kffkz;ksa dks izksrlkgu feyrk gs fd osa O;olk; dh izfrfø;kvksa dk voyksdu djsa,oa Lo;a [kkst djus dk iz;kl djsa fd O;kolkf;d laxbuksa esa D;k gks jgk gsa ;g Hkh vis{kk dh tkrh gs fd bl nksjku os iqlrdky;] lekpkj-i=kks a] O;olk;ksUeq[k nwjn'kzu dk;zøeks a vksj buvjusv osq }kjk vk/qfud tkudkjh izkir djsaxsa fofhkuu izdkj osq iz'u,oa osql lel;k, izlrkfor dh xbz gsa ftlls os fo"k; osq Kku iz;ksx }kjk oklrfod O;kolkf;d flfkfr;ksa dks tku losaqa vkhkkj jk"vªh; 'ksf{kd vuqla/ku vksj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ bl ikb~;iqlrd osq vh;klksa] fø;kdykiksa vksj ifj;kstukvksa osq fuekz.k esa viuk cgqewy; ;ksxnku nsus okys fueufyf[kr yksxksa osq izfr viuk vkhkkj O;Dr djrh gsa lhek JhokLro] izodrk] lsok fohkkx] Mh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh- eksrh ckx] u;h fnyyh_ jtuh jkoy] mi iz/kukpk;kz] jktdh; izfrhkk fodkl fo ky;] if'pe fogkj] fnyyh_ Jqfr cks/ vxzoky] mi iz/kukpk;kz] jktdh; izfrhkk fodkl fo ky;] fd'ku xat] fnyyh_ eatw pkoyk] ih-th-vh- okf.kt;] jktdh; izfrhkk fodkl fo ky;] lwjt ey fogkj] fnyyh_ f'kokuh ukxjkfk] ih-th-vh- okf.kt;] lej fiqym LowQy] osqyk'k dkwyksuh] u;h fnyyh rfkk vuqokn dk iquzfujh{k.k djus osq fy,,e-,e- oekz] izokpd (lsokfuo`r) J¼kuan dkwyst] fnyyh fo'ofo ky;] fnyyh osq Hkh ge vkhkkjh gsaa iqlrd osq fodkl esa lg;ksx osq fy, ge lfork flugk] izksi+ksqlj,oa fohkkxkè;{k] lkekftd fokku,oa ekufodh f'k{kk fohkkx] jk"vªh; 'ksf{kd vuqla/ku vksj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osq izfr fo'ks"k :i ls vkhkkj O;Dr djrs gsa] ftugksaus gesa gj lahko lg;ksx fn;ka iqlrd osq fodkl osq fofhkuu pj.kks a es a lg;ksx osq fy, izhkkjh oaqi;wvj d{k] fnus'k oqqekj_ Mh-Vh-ih- vkwijsvj] mùke oqqekj] dkwih,mhvj] uks'kkn vgen] izwi+kq jhmj] lqu;uk frokjh osq Hkh ge vkhkkjh gsaa izdk'ku fohkkx }kjk gesa iw.kz lg;ksx,oa lqfo/k, izkir gqb±] blosq fy, ge mudk vkhkkj O;Dr djrs gsaa

11 NCERT Vyavsay Adhyanan Bhag 2 Textbook For Class XII Publisher : Author : NCERT Syllabus & Patterns Type the URL : Get this ebook

not to be republished NCERT O;olk; vè;;u Hkkx 2 O;olk;] foùk,oa foi.ku

not to be republished NCERT O;olk; vè;;u Hkkx 2 O;olk;] foùk,oa foi.ku O;olk; vè;;u Hkkx 2 O;olk;] foùk,oa foi.ku O;olk; vè;;u Hkkx 2 O;olk;] foùk,oa foi.ku d{kk 12 osq fy, ikb~;iqlrd izfke laldj.k vizsy 2007 os'kk[k 1929 iqueqzæ.k tuojh 2008 ek?k 1929 iqjojh 2009 ek?k 1930

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