Allokering i fleirbruksmagasin og tilpassing av eksisterande LCA-modellar for beregning av vannfotavtrykk

Transkript

1 EcoManage brukermøte torsdag 11. desember 2014 WP 2: «Energy payback ratio» (energiindikatorar) Allokering i fleirbruksmagasin og tilpassing av eksisterande LCA-modellar for beregning av vannfotavtrykk Status og vidare arbeid Ingunn Saur Modahl og Hanne Lerche Raadal

2 Innhald 1. Energiindikatorar Resultat for ulike teknologiar (elektrisitetsproduksjon). Rapport + publisert artikkel i Energy Policy, 2013 v/ingunn Saur Modahl, Hanne Lerche Raadal, Luc Gagnon og Tor Haakon Bakken. 2. Allokering i fleirbruksmagasin Innsendt artikkel: «Allocation recommendations for multipurpose reservoirs - results for water consumption». Forfattarar: Tor Haakon Bakken, Ingunn Saur Modahl, Hanne Lerche Raadal, Ana Adeva Bustos og Silje Arnøy. 3. Vannfotavtrykk Vannforbruk som ein indikator i LCA av vasskraft. Påbegynt artikkel. 4. Vidare arbeid

3 1. Energiindikatorar Assessment of major electricity generation technologies based on different energy indicators the effect of system boundaries Energy Ratio Ingunn Saur Modahl* and Hanne Lerche Raadal (both Ostfold Research, Norway), Luc Gagnon (Energy and Climate Change consultant, Canada) and Tor Haakon Bakken (SINTEF Energy Research, Norway) * Stadion 4, 1671 Kråkerøy, Norway. ism@ostfoldforskning.no

4 Mål Auke forståinga av resultata ved samanlikning av energiprodukt. Diskuterer korleis systemgrenser kan påverke resultata for dei ulike energiindikatorane. Artikkelen er basert på resultat for vasskraft, vindkraft og elektrisitet frå biomasse, gass og kol.

5 EPR (kwh/kwh) CED EPR Resultat for elektrisitet produsert av ulike teknologiar 550 EPR=Energy Payback Ratio Høg verdi = høg energieffektivitet EPR 5,0 CED=Cumulative Energy Demand Låg verdi = høg CEDenergieffektivitet , , EPR 3,5 3, Hydropower Wind power Electricity from biomass Electricity from natural gas Electricity from coal 2,5 20 2, , ,0 Hydropower Wind power Electricity from biomass Electricity from natural gas Electricity from coal Hydropower power Electricity from Electricity from natural Electricity from coal Wind Biomass Gas Coal biomass gas Hydro Wind Biomass Gas Coal EPR = mengde energiprodukt/investert energi (inkluderer ikkje iboande energi i brenslet) CED = brukt energi/mengde energiprodukt (inkluderer iboande energi i brenslet)

6 Kostnadsanalogi: Kapitalkostnad per km (km per krone kapitalkostnad) eller totalkostnad per km? Kapitalkostnad Drivstoff Total kjørelengde Kapitalkostnad Drivstoff Total kjørelengde

7 Resultat for ulike energiteknologiar CED fordelt på energikjelder Fossil energi Kjernekraft Fornybar energi Total (ikke oppsplitta)

8 Research highlights frå artikkelen om energiindikatorar Det trengs ei strengare standardisering ved vurderingar av energiytelse (energy performance assessments). Systemgrensene for fornybare energikjelder bør harmoniserast. Ein bør fokusere på færre indikatorar. CED bør alltid inkluderast som ein av indikatorane.

9 2. Allokering i fleirbruksmagasin «Allocation recommendations for multipurpose reservoirs - results for water consumption» Tor Haakon Bakken 1&2, Ingunn Saur Modahl 3, Hanne Lerche Raadal 3, Ana Adeva Bustos 2&4 & Silje Arnøy 3 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway tor.haakon.bakken@sintef.no 2 SINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, Norway 3 Ostfold Research, Fredrikstad, Norway 4 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain

10 Rationale for our study Water consumption from energy generation: Source: IPCC SRREN, 2011 Lack of clear methodology identified: IPCC (2011, Chapter 5, page 44) states that allocation schemes for Main source of water losses: determining water consumption from various reservoir uses in the evaporation from reservoir case of multipurpose reservoirs can significantly influence reported surfaces water consumption values. 209 m 3 /MWh IPCC (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature of most hydropower projects makes allocation ~0 m 3 /MWh of total impacts to the several purposes challenging. Many LCAs to date allocate all impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which they are responsible.

11 Rationale for our study Inga allokering bak IPCC-resultata Kva er hovedformålet med fleirbruksmagasin? Lack of clear methodology identified: IPCC (2011, Chapter 5, page 44) states that allocation schemes for determining water consumption from various reservoir uses in the case of multipurpose reservoirs can significantly influence reported water consumption values. IPCC (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature of most hydropower projects makes allocation of total impacts to the several purposes challenging. Many LCAs to date allocate all impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which they are responsible. ICOLD: Blant 9423 registrerte store dammar med kraftproduksjon, har meir enn 40% fleire funksjonar. Source: ICOLD

12 Rationale for our study Har identifisert mangel på klar metodikk: IPCC: Lack allocation of clear schemes methodology can identified: significantly influence reported water consumption values. Many LCAs to date allocate all impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which IPCC they (2011, are responsible Chapter 5,. page 44) states that allocation schemes for determining water consumption from various reservoir uses in the PCR case for hydropower: of multipurpose The reservoirs construction can of dams significantly is a prerequisite influence for reported regulation of water water flows consumption in a water course. values. Regulation may prevent flooding but nevertheless all the processes necessary for constructing and maintaining dams shall be allocated to hydropower. IPCC (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature of most hydropower projects makes allocation of total impacts ISO-standarden to the several for purposes Water footprint challenging. manglar Many klare retningslinjer LCAs to date for allocate allokering. all Mangelen impacts på of omforent hydropower metodikk projects er stadfesta to the electricity av Mekonnen generation og Hoekstra function, 2012; Demeke which et in al. some 2013; cases Bakken may et al. overstate the emissions for which they are responsible. Arbeidet vil også vere nyttig for andre miljøindikatorar, feks energieffektivitet og klimagassar (ref. IPCC, 2014), pga at valgt allokering er uavhengig av indikator.

13 Rationale for our study Mål med artikkelen (og arbeidet bak) Lack of clear methodology identified: 1. Gjennomgang av dei vanlegaste tilnærmingane for IPCC fordeling/allokering (2011, Chapter 5, page av ressursbruk, 44) states that basert allocation på prinsippa schemes i ISOstandarden for determining water consumption (2006). from various reservoir uses in the case of multipurpose reservoirs can significantly influence reported water 2. Bruke consumption ulike allokeringsmetodar values. på reelle case og synleggjere IPCC resultata. (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature of most hydropower projects makes allocation of total impacts to 3. the Foreslå several retningslinjer purposes challenging. for bruk av Many allokeringsprosedyrer LCAs to date allocate i all impacts fleirbruksmagasin of hydropower med projects kraftproduksjon. to the electricity generation function, which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which they are responsible. 4. Vurdere kor relevant desse allokeringsprosedyrene er for LCAstudier av fleirfunksjonsreservoar generelt.

14 Situasjon som krev allokering Fordamping m 3 /år Oppstrøms aktivitetar + Reservoar Funksjonane til reservoaret

15 Allokeringsmetodar Har testa metodar basert på tilrådingar for byrdefordeling i fleirfunksjonsprosessar, gitt av ISO (2006): If possible, allocation should be avoided by: 1A: Subdividing the product system considered not possible. 1B: Using system expansion/avoided burdens to include the additional functions (substitution), understood as Water footprint for alternative means of fulfilling the functions - considered inappropriate. If allocation cannot be avoided, allocation should be based on: 2A: Physical relationships (mass, volume or energy) 2B: Other relationships (economic or others relationship, e.g. explicit prioritizing)

16 3 Rationale for our study 4 4 casestudiar Lack of clear methodology identified: IPCC (2011, Chapter 5, page 44) states that allocation schemes for determining water consumption from various reservoir uses in the case of multipurpose reservoirs 2 can significantly influence reported water consumption values. 1 IPCC (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature of most hydropower projects makes allocation of total impacts to the several purposes challenging. Many LCAs to date allocate I tillegg all til impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, informasjon which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which they om are masse, responsible. volum, energi, økonomi, prioritering

17 Rationale for our study Resultat: Kor stor andel av totalt vannforbruk bør kvar funksjon belastast med? Lack of clear methodology identified: IPCC (2011, Flomvern Chapter 5, page 44) states that allocation schemes for determining Økologi water consumption from various reservoir uses in the case of multipurpose Vatning reservoirs can significantly influence reported water consumption Drikkevatn values. Kraftproduksjon IPCC (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature of most hydropower projects makes allocation of total impacts to the several purposes challenging. Many LCAs to date allocate all impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which they are responsible.

18 Rationale for our study Recommendations Lack of clear methodology identified: We consider volume allocation to be the most robust approach for allocating water consumption between competing functions in IPCC multipurpose (2011, Chapter reservoirs. 5, page 44) states that allocation schemes for determining water consumption from various reservoir uses in the case We of recommend multipurpose that reservoirs data should can preferably significantly be gathered influence from reported one water source consumption for all functions, values. to secure a consistent calculation approach. IPCC (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature The of system most boundaries hydropower should projects be flexible, makes but preferably allocation follow of boundaries total impacts to the defined several by the purposes hydraulic system, challenging. as the volumes Many of LCAs water, to energy date allocation allocate all based on water volumes and possibly also economic value is to a large extent impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, determined by the hydraulic system boundaries. which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which they are responsible. We propose that a site visit should be undertaken if an allocation study is carried out, as this will reduce the uncertainties in the calculations, quality assure assumption and possible remove errors in the data.

19 Rationale for our study Dokumentasjon og bruk Lack of clear methodology Innspel i revisjonsprosessen identified: av PCR for vasskraft. IPCC (2011, Chapter 5, page 44) states that allocation schemes for Innsendt artikkel Version 3.0 Draft for open consultation: The determining water consumption from various reservoir uses in the (Bakken et al. 2014) construction of dams is a prerequisite for case of multipurpose regulation reservoirs of water can flows significantly in a water course. influence reported water consumption Large values. dams may also represent reservoirs with multipurpose functions, such as IPCC (2011) states irrigation, in Technical flood control, Summary, and water page supply, 74 the in multipurpose nature of most hydropower addition to hydropower projects makes generation. allocation In such of total impacts to the several purposes cases, allocation challenging. of the Many burdens LCAs from to the date allocate all impacts of hydropower dam infrastructure projects to between the electricity the different generation function, which in some cases functions may (irrigation, overstate flood the emissions control, water for which they are responsible. supply and hydropower generation) should therefore be considered. The allocation approach shall be described and motivated in the EPD. EPD Godkjent

20 3. Vannfotavtrykk Artikkel (under arbeid): On the track of the water footprint of hydropower production Incl. calculation of evaporation from natural lakes and reservoirs Tor Haakon Bakken, Ingunn Saur Modahl og Hanne Lerche Raadal Kolbjørn Engeland Silje Arnøy

21 Rationale for our study Bakgrunn Lack of clear methodology identified: + + IPCC (2011, Construction Chapter of plant 5, page Operation 44) states of plant that allocation Decommission schemes of plant for determining water consumption from various reservoir uses in the case of multipurpose reservoirs can significantly influence reported water consumption values. Det er antatt at vannforbruket for vasskraft er dominert av IPCC den (2011) operative states fasen/fordamping Technical Summary, (Inhaber, page 2004; 74 the Fthenakis multipurpose & nature Kim, of most 2010; hydropower Pfister et al., projects 2011; makes Mekonnen allocation & Hoekstra, of total 2012). impacts to the Dette several er purposes derimot ikkje challenging. godt nok dokumentert. Many LCAs to date allocate all impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, which Korleis in some er cases forholdet may mellom overstate vannforbruk the emissions frå fordamping which they are responsible. samanlikna med vannforbruk ved konstruksjon og drift? Korleis er dette forholdet om reservoaret har lite overflateareal eller ligg i eit område med låg avdamping?

22 Rationale for our study Aukande Lack of interesse clear methodology for beregning identified: og dokumentasjon av vannforbruk for både produkt og tenester. IPCC (2011, Chapter 5, page 44) states that allocation schemes for Det determining finnst få vannforbruk-beregningar water consumption from på various vasskraft, reservoir og dei uses fleste in har the berre konsentrert case of multipurpose seg om fordamping. reservoirs can significantly influence reported water consumption values. Metodikken IPCC (2011) har states vore kritisert in Technical pga: Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature Beregningar of most hydropower basert på brutto projects fordampingsverdiar makes allocation of total impacts to the several purposes challenging. Many LCAs to date allocate all Manglande allokering mellom parallelle funksjonar impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, which Uklare in some systemgrenser cases may i overstate tid og rom the emissions for which they are responsible.

23 Casestudiar i Noreg Trollheim HPP og Foldsjøen Embretsfoss 4 (ROR) Kjent Ukjent avdamping Kjent Construction of plant Operation of plant Decommission of plant + +

24 g CO 2 -ekv/kwhl CO 2 -eqv/mwh 2,5 GWP Global Warming Potential for hydropower 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 Embretsfoss E4 Trollheim

25 kwh/mwhl 4,0 CED non-renewable Cumulative Energy Demand (non-renewable energy sources) 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 Embretsfoss E4 Trollheim

26 Kva med vannforbruk? 3,6 MJ Hydroelectricity EB E ,00264 kg CO2 eq Tilpassingar for å kunne bruke eksisterande LCA-modellar for å beregne vannforbruk: - Omforming av modellane frå å bruke Ecoinvent 2 til Ecoinvent 3 som database (automatisk utbytting av prosessar). - Manuell omforming av fleire gjenståande prosessar. - Inkludering av fordampingsdata. 3,5E-11 p Tunnels - EB hydropower plant 0, kg CO2 eq 7E-11 p Tunnels - infrastructure 0, kg CO2 eq 2,6E-6 m3 Concrete 1, exacting, not included trp 0, kg CO2 eq 2,6E-6 m3 3,5E-11 p Dam - EB hydropower plant 0,00026 kg CO2 eq 7E-11 p Dam - infrastructure 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg Steel 5, reinforcing steel, 50% recycled, not included trp 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg 7E-11 p Station hall - infrastructure 0, kg CO2 eq 3,5E-9 p Annual reinvestments - EB hydropower plant 0,00128 kg CO2 eq 1,17E-10 p Turbine - infrastructure 0, kg CO2 eq 5,95E-5 kg Steel 1, stainless (chromium), primary, not 0, kg CO2 eq 5,95E-5 kg 1,17E-10 p Generator - infrastructure 0, kg CO2 eq 9,5E-5 kg Steel 2, engineering (converter/low-alloye d), 12,5% recycled, 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg 1,17E-10 p Gates - infrastructure 0, kg CO2 eq Concrete, high Reinforcing steel Steel, chromium Steel, low-alloyed exacting {RER} production steel 18/8 {RER} {RER} steel requirements {CH} Alloc Def, U steel production, production, 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg CO2 eq Vannforbruk fordelt på region (land) og kjelde (elv, innsjø, brønn osv). 0, kg Cement, Portland {CH} market for Alloc Def, U 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg Steel, unalloyed {GLO} market for Alloc Def, U 0, kg CO2 eq 2,77E-5 kg Ferronickel, 25% Ni {GLO} market for Alloc Def, U 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg Pig iron {GLO} market for Alloc Def, U 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg 2,77E-5 kg 0, kg Cement, Portland Ferronickel, 25% Ni Pig iron {GLO} {CH} production {GLO} production production Alloc Alloc Def, U Alloc Def, U Def, U 0, kg CO2 eq 0, kg CO2 eq 0,00063 kg CO2 eq 0, kg Clinker {CH} production Alloc Def, U 0, kg CO2 eq 7966 processes involved

27 Rationale for our study Fordampingsdata: metodisk tilnærming Lack of clear methodology identified: Evaporation after inundation IPCC (2011, Chapter 5, page 44) states that allocation schemes for determining water consumption from various reservoir Net evaporation uses in the case of multipurpose reservoirs can significantly influence = Evaporation reported after water consumption values. Evaporation before Evaporation before inundation IPCC (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature of most hydropower projects makes allocation of total impacts to the several purposes challenging. Many LCAs to date allocate all impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which they are responsible. Measured/modelled values; indications of range 1. NVE Avrenningskart Norge 2. Measurements Andøya 3. Measurements and calculations Tydalen 4. Other sources 5. A large set of different equations

28 Rationale for our study Sensitivity analysis of Penman-Monteith Lack of clear methodology identified: IPCC (2011, Chapter 5, page 44) states that allocation Sensitivity schemes to wind, for cloud determining water consumption from various reservoir cover, water uses temperature. in the case of multipurpose reservoirs can significantly influence reported water consumption values. Annual volumes: IPCC (2011) states in Technical Summary, page 74 the multipurpose nature of most hydropower projects makes allocation of total impacts to the several purposes challenging. Many LCAs to date allocate all impacts of hydropower projects to the electricity generation function, which in some cases may overstate the emissions for which they are responsible. 123 mm/year 224 mm/year 325 mm/year 426 mm/year 528 mm/year 629 mm/year 730 mm/year Store usikkerheiter

29 Infrastructure, dam Infrastructure, gates Infrastructure, tunnels Infrastructure, station hall Infrastructure, internal net Infrastructure, roads Infrastructure, turbine Infrastructure, transformator Infrastructure, generator Annual reinvestment Maintenance Operation, turbine Operation, evaporation from reservoir Inundation Infrastructure, dam Infrastructure, gates Infrastructure, tunnels Infrastructure, station hall Infrastructure, internal net Infrastructure, roads Infrastructure, turbine Infrastructure, transformator Infrastructure, generator Annual reinvestment Maintenance Operation, turbine Operation, evaporation from reservoir Inundation m3/mwh = l/kwh Foreløpige resultat: vannforbruk 4,5E-01 4,0E-01 3,5E-01 3,0E-01 Water use (LCI) Well Unspecified River Process Other Lake Cooling Fordamping Noreg 0,41 l/kwh 2,5E-01 2,0E-01 1,5E-01 1,0E-01 Vannforbruk ved produksjon av kopar, stål, plast osv., som blir produsert i Europa og Kina. 0,14 l/kwh 5,0E-02 0,0E+00 Embretsfoss E4 Trollheim

30 Endpoint methods (to understand damages of water use on human health, ecosystem quality and resource depletion): - Boulay et al and Motoshita et al. 2010: impacts on human health only, but very comprehensive. - Pfister et al and Pfister et al. 2010: Different units. Consistent with the impact assessment methods Eco-indicator 99 and ReCiPe. Metodar for beregning av vannfotavtrykk (karakterisering) Midtpunkt-metodar basert på knappheit av ferskvatn (mengde tilgjengeleg vatn): - Pfister et al Boulay et al (simplified) - Hoekstra Ecological scarcity 2006 Forskjellen på metodane: - Datakjelde - Metode for å beregne knappheit; uttak i forhold til tilgjengeleg mengde (withdrawal-to-availability ratio), eller forbruk i forhold til tilgjengeleg mengde (consumption-to-availability ratio)

31 Regionale karakteriseringsfaktorar (eksempel) Water, lake Water footprint method Norway Germany Egypt India Spain Unit Pfister et al ,08 0,12 0,98 0,97 0,71 m3/m3 Boulay et al (simplified) 0,00 0,04 1,00 0,9997 0,998 m3/m3 Hoekstra ,34 0,88 0,87 2,44 1,36 m3/m3 Ecological scarcity , UBP/m3 Vannforbruk i Noreg er ikkje så ille som i mange andre land. Korleis påverkar dette fordampingsresultata? Mangel i Ecoinvent-databasen: vannforbruk (og frigjort vatn) manglar i enkelte prosessar. Må vente til neste oppdatering med å bruke vannfotavtrykkmetodane.

32 l-eqv/kwh 0,008 0,007 0,006 0,005 0,004 0,003 0,002 0,001 0,000 Foreløpige karakteriserte resultat: Boulay Water Scarcity Indicator (vannfotavtrykk) WSI Water Scarcity Indicator for hydropower (Boulay, mod.) Vatn frå norsk innsjø Embretsfoss E4 Trollheim

33 0,14 l/kwh m3-eqv./kwh 0,41 l/kwh 0,00050 LCI-resultat = ikkje karakteriserte resultat Water Scarcity Indexes and LCI results 0,46 l/kwh 0, , ,00035 Operation, evaporation from reservoir 0,00030 Operation, turbine Maintenance 0, ,00020 WSI (Water Scarcity Index) = karakteriserte resultat 0, ,21 l/kwh Annual reinvestment Infrastructure, roads Infrastructure, internal net Infrastructure, transformator Infrastructure, turbine Infrastructure, generator Infrastructure, station hall 0,00010 Infrastructure, gates Infrastructure, dam 0,00005 Infrastructure, tunnels 0,00000 Pfister et al Boulay et al Hoekstra et al Ostfold Research Pfister et al Boulay et al Hoekstra et al Ostfold Research Embretsfoss E4 Trollheim

34 m3-eqv./kwh WSI (Water Scarcity Index) = karakteriserte resultat LCI-resultat = ikkje karakteriserte resultat Relative verdiar Water Scarcity Indexes and LCI results 100% 90% 80% 70% Operation, evaporation from reservoir Operation, turbine LCI Maintenance 60% Annual reinvestment Infrastructure, roads 50% 40% Infrastructure, internal net Infrastructure, transformator Infrastructure, turbine WSI 30% Infrastructure, generator Infrastructure, station hall 20% Infrastructure, gates Infrastructure, dam 10% Infrastructure, tunnels 0% Pfister et al Boulay et al Hoekstra et al Ostfold Research Pfister et al Boulay et al Hoekstra et al Ostfold Research Embretsfoss E4 Trollheim

35 4. Vidare arbeid Analysere dei to casa EB4 og Trollheim ved bruk av alle vannfotavtrykkmetodane (januar 2015). Idé: «flytte» kraftverka (og reservoara) for Trollheim og Embretsfoss 4 til ein anna region. Konsekvensar: - Fordampinga vil sannsynlegvis auke. - Gitt konstant fordamping: kor mykje vil tilgjengelegheita til vatn påverke totalresultatet? Skrive og publisere artikkelen «On the track of the water footprint of hydropower production. Evt samarbeid med WP Ecosystem services: Inkludere arealbruk-metodar (Ecological scarcity 2013, ILCD 2011, ReCiPe) for dei samme casa?