Supplementary Table 1. Origin of the 58 French, German and Swiss landraces and 12 French

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1 Supplementary Table. Origin of the French, German and Swiss landraces and French synthetics together with the code, collection date and site. Number ID Name Code Collection Region Collection site date of origin Dep. code French landraces Salies_de_Bearn FRA < 7 Salies de Bearn Aquitaine F St_Jean_Pied_de_Port FRA < 7 St Jean Pied de Port Aquitaine F Wantzenau FRA n.a. La Wantzenau Alsace F7 Bareilles FRA < Bareilles Midi-Pyrenees F Estarvielle FRA < Estarvielle Midi-Pyrenees F Sost FRA < Sost Midi-Pyrenees F 7 Portet FRA Porte de Luchon Midi-Pyrenees F Aleu FRA < Aleu Midi-Pyrenees F Massat FRA n.a. Massat Midi-Pyrenees F Lacaune FRA Angles Midi-Pyrenees F Barisis FRA7 < Barisis Picardie F Campan_Galade FRA < Campan Midi-Pyrenees F Ste_Marie_de_Campan FRA < Ste Marie de Campan Midi-Pyrenees F Esterre FRA < Esterre Midi-Pyrenees F Laruns FRA n.a. Laruns Aquitaine F Viey FRA < Viey Midi-Pyrenees F 7 St_Christophe FRA7 < St Christophe Vallon Midi-Pyrenees F Coeuvres_A FRA < Coeuvres et Valsery Picardie F Wagnonville FRA < Wagonville Nord F Laval_Luzege FRA n.a. Laval sur Luzege Limousin F Gironde FRA n.a. n.a. Aquitaine F

2 Number ID Name Code Collection Region Collection site date of origin Dep. code Poulinet_Alban.B FRA n.a. Paulinet Midi-Pyrenees F St_Laurent_de_Neste FRA77 n.a. St Laurent de Neste Midi-Pyrenees F Esquieze_Serre FRA n.a. Esquieze Sere Midi-Pyrenees F Bazus_Aure FRA n.a. Bazus Aure Midi-Pyrenees F Guchan FRA n.a. Guchan Midi-Pyrenees F 7 Landes FRA n.a. n.a. Aquitaine F Landes FRA n.a. n.a. Aquitaine F Grand_Roux_Basque FRA < 7 n.a. Aquitaine F Aston_C FRA77 n.a. Aston Midi-Pyrenees F Bugard FRA < 7 Bugard Midi-Pyrenees F Estaut FRA < Estaut Aquitaine F Seltz FRA7 n.a. Seltz Alsace F7 Serre_Rustaing FRA n.a. Sere Rustaing Midi-Pyrenees F Grust FRA n.a. Grust Midi-Pyrenees F Moutonneau FRA < 7 Moutonneau Poitou- Charentes F 7 Dore_du_Pays FRA < 7 n.a. Aquitaine F Dore_du_Pays_Louvrign y FRA n.a. Louvigny Aquitaine F Roux_du_Pays FRA n.a. n.a. Aquitaine F Blanche_Htes.PYR.C FRA n.a. Midi-Pyrenees F Lourdios.C FRA Lourdios Midi-Pyrenees F Argeles FRA n.a. Argeles Midi-Pyrenees F Urdos FRA n.a. Urdos Aquitaine F Monein FRA Monein Aquitaine F Gazost FRA Gazost Midi-Pyrenees F Morlaas FRA Morlaas Aquitaine F 7 Argeles_Gazost FRA Gaillagos Midi-Pyrenees F

3 Number ID Name Code Collection Region Collection site date of origin Dep. code Bagneres_de_Bigorre FRA Gerde Midi-Pyrenees F Arrens FRA Arrens Marsous Midi-Pyrenees F Ourdes FRA Ourde Midi-Pyrenees F German landraces Schindelmeiser ZEA Brandenburg East-Germany Pautzfelder ZEA 7 Bavaria South-East-Germany Mahndorfer Mais DEU Sachsen-Anhalt East-Germany Maleksberger ZEA n.a. East-Germany Gelber Badischer Baden- DEU Landmais Württemberg South-West-Germany Strenzfelder DEU Sachsen-Anhalt East-Germany 7 Rheintaler Ribelmais Badenn.a. n.a. (EWE) Württemberg South-West-Germany Swiss landrace Rheintaler Ribelmais (Genb.CH) n.a. Region of St. - Gallen

4 Synthetics Code Creation institute Pedigree SFP. FRA7 INRA Mons en Chaussée Flint lines Collection National Française SFP. FRA Flint lines SFP. FRA Early flint lines SFP. FRA Flint populations and lines SFP. FRA CGS Schindelmeiser SFP. FRA Bresse SFP. FRA Adapted Argentine and flint lines SFP. FRA Early flint lines 7 SFP. FRA HEYF x (F x F7) SFP. FRA HEYD x (F x F7) SFP. FRA ZAC x (F x F7) 7 7 SFP. FRA7 Portet The code of the accessions reflects the gene bank maintaining them: FRA = INRA Mauguio, and DEU and ZEA = IPK Gatersleben. Subregions corresponding to the code of the department: F = Aisne, F = Ariege, F = Charente, F = Correze, F = Gironde, F = Landes, F = Nord, F = Pyrenees- Atlantiques, F = Hautes-Pyrenees, F7 = Bas-Rhin, and F = Tarn. INRA (7)

5 Supplementary Table. Description of the five environments Eckartsweier (EWE), Bad Krozingen (KRO), Hohenheim (HOH), Tübingen (TUE) and Sünching (SUE) in South Germany. Location EWE Coordinates N, 7 E Altitude (m a.s.l.) Annual precipitation (mm) Average temperature ( C) 7. Soil type Sandy to silty KRO 7 N, 7 E 7. Sandy loamy HOH N, E. loam Silty to clayey loams TUE N, E 7. Luvisols SUE N, E 77. Poor clay soils

6 Supplementary Table. Means of testcross progenies of 7 accessions with Tester T and T as well as five check hybrids for grain yield (GY), grain dry matter content (GDMC), days to silking (DTS), root lodging resistance (RLR) and stalk lodging resistance (SLR). Tester T Tester T Entry GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR Landraces Salies_de_Bearn St_Jean_Pied_de_Port Wantzenau Bareilles Estarvielle Sost Portet Aleau Massat Lacaune Barisis Campan_Galade

7 Tester T Tester T Entry GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR Ste_Marie_de-Campan Esterre Laruns Viey St_Christophe Coeuvres_A Wagnonville Laval_Luzege Gironde Poulinet_Alban.B St_Laurent_de_Neste Esquieze_Serre Bazus_Aure..7.. Guchan Landes

8 Tester T Tester T Entry GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR Landes Grand_Roux_Basque Aston_C Bugard Estaut Seltz Serre_Rustaing Grust Mutonneau Dore_du_Pays Dore_du_Pays_Louvrign y Roux_du_Pays Blanche_Htes.PYR.C Lourdios.C

9 Tester T Tester T Entry GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR SFP SFP SFP SFP SFP SFP SFP SFP SFP SFP SFP SFP Argeles Urdos Monein

10 Tester T Tester T Entry GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR Gazost Moraals Argeles_Gazost Bagneres_de_Bigorre Arrens Ourdes Schindelmeiser Pautzfelder Mahndorfer Maleksberger Gelberbad.Landmais Strenzfelder Rheintaler Ribelmais (EWE) Rheintaler Ribelmais

11 Tester T Tester T Entry GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR GY GDMC DTS RLR SLR (Genb.CH) 7 Checks Across both trials Silas Delitop LG PRF DK evaluation in two environments, evaluation in three environments

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