Forelesning 5 Folkeretts kilde + Litt prosedyre

Transkript

1 JUS2111 (Folkerett) Forelesning 5 Folkeretts kilde + Litt prosedyre Malcolm Langford Professor, Det juridiske fakultet, Universitet i Oslo Co-Director, Centre for Law and Social Transformation, Universitet i Bergen og CMI

2 Rettskilde oversikt

3 Kategorier Formelle kilder (eller metoder): that from which a source of law derives its force or validity (Salmond, 1924) Art. 38(1)(a)-(c): sedvane, traktater, prinsipper Materielle kilder material providing the substantive content of that rule (Salmond, 1924) Alt fra FN-pakten til diplomatisk protest og en ikke-ratifisert traktat bevis av en regel Inkluderer Art. 38(1)(d) - juridiske avgjørelser og teori

4 Interaksjon Viktigste er interaksjon mellom kilder Så en kilde med lav rang kan bli viktig i utformingen av regelen. F.eks. en ILC utkast kan bli bevis av sedvanerett eller en tolkning av tidligere traktater Sammen som i norsk rett man må se på interaksjon mellom kildene Se Ekhoff

5 Hierarki? Traktatett og sedvanerett viktigste Handler om samtykke Men generelle juridiske prinsipper er klart viktigere enn juridiske avgjørelser og teori Men det er ikke en klar hierarki. Sedvanerett kan gå foran hvis: Det handler om en jus cogens norm Det er ny sedvanerett som er anerkjent eksplisitt eller implisitt av partene til en traktat (se Art. 31(3) Wien konvensjon).

6 Wien konvensjonen om traktatretten, 1969 Article 31, GENERAL RULE OF INTERPRETATION 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes: (a) Any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connexion with the conclusion of the treaty; (b) Any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connexion with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty. 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context: (a) Any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions; (b) Any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation; (c) Any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended. Article 32. SUPPLEMENTARY MEANS OF INTERPRETATION Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: (a) Leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or (b) Leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.

7 Sedvanerett

8

9 Sedvanerett i Norske statsrett) Domstolenes rett til å prøve om en lov er i overensstemmelse med grunnloven (1822/ )? Parliamentarisme ( ) Overgangen fra personlig kongemakt til en hovedsakelig seremoniell rolle for kongen (1905-) I alle tre saker (og mange andre) var avstand mellom Grunnlovens ord og det faktiske styringssystemet skapt. Anerkjent av nesten alle at: Grunnleggende prinsipp for statsmaktenes kompetanse og organisering utviklet gjennom langvarig praksis skulle regnes som konstitusjonell sedvanerett.

10 ICJ Statuttene, Art The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. 2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.

11 Folkerett Sedvanerett var veldig viktig tidligere Men fortsatt relevant i mange område der traktatutvikling er treg Men staten som påberope sedvanerett må bevise at det eksisterer.

12 Oversikt Objektivt: statspraksis ( General practice ) Subjektivt: opinio juris ( Accepted as law ) Unntak: the persistent objector Men mange variasjoner...

13 1. Objektivt: statspraksis Hva er praksis? Alle uttrykk for statens rettsoppfatning er relevante Statens lovgivning og håndhevelse Avgjørelse av nasjonal domstoler eller forvaltningsorganer Uttalelser fra stater Uttalelser fra statens representanter Protester mot andre staters handlinger Passivitet (Tempelsaken 1962) Konvensjoner Stemmegivning i IOs

14 Tyskland mot Italia (2012) - ICJ In the present context, State practice of particular significance is to be found in the judgments of national courts faced with the question whether a foreign State is immune, the legislation of those States which have enacted statutes dealing with immunity, the claims to immunity advanced by States before foreign courts and the statements made by States, first in the course of the extensive study of the subject by the International Law Commission and then in the context of the adoption of the United Nations Convention.

15 Christina gaph

16 Hva slags praksis? 1. Widespread acceptance Fisheries Jurisdiction Case, ICJ 1974 Trenger ikke alle stater Men representative stater eller stater med interesser 2. Consistent and uniform usage Aslysaken (1950) Ikke et absolutt krav små deviasjoner er OK Men substantiv inconsistency må bli vurdert av stater som et brudd, ikke en ny eller andre regel 3. Sufficient duration Paquete Habana saken (analyserte 400år av praksis!) North Sea Continental Shelf Passage of only a short period of time is not necessarily, or of itself, a bar to the formation of a new rule of customary international law if the practice is both extensive and uniform

17 2. Subjektivt: opinio juris Praksisen må ha grunnlag i en rettsoverbevisning

18 Tyskland mot Italia (2012) - ICJ Opinio juris in this context is reflected in particular in the assertion by States claiming immunity that international law accords them a right to such immunity from the jurisdiction of other States; in the acknowledgment, by States granting immunity, that international law imposes upon them an obligation to do so; and, conversely, in the assertion by States in other cases of a right to exercise jurisdiction over foreign States.

19 Psykologisk dimensjon Not only must the acts concerned be a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule requiring it.... The States concerned must feel that they are conforming to what amounts to a legal obligation. Nordsjøsaken 1969, 44.

20 Rollen av resolusjoner Atomvåpen saken (1996), s : The Court notes that General Assembly Resolution resolutions, even if they are not binding, may sometimes have normative value. They can, in some circumstances, provide evidence important for establishing the existence of a rule or the emergence of an opinio juris. To establish whether this is true of a given General Assembly resolution, it is necessary to look at its content and the conditions of its adoption; it is also necessary to see whether an opinio juris exists as to its normative character. Or a series of resolutions may show the gradual evolution of the opinio juris required for the establishment of a new rule.

21 3. Unntak: the persistent objector Fiskerisaken (1951) the ten-mile rule would appear to be inapplicable as against Norway inasmuch as she has always opposed any attempt to apply it to the Norwegian coast. Asylsaken (1950) But even if it could be supposed that such a custom existed between certain Latin-American States only, it could not be invoked against Peru which, far from having by its attitude adhered to it, has, on the contrary, repudiated it by refraining from ratifying the Montevideo Conventions of 1933 and 1939, which were the first to include a rule concerning the qualification of the offence in matters of diplomatic asylum.

22 Men bare disse to saker fra ICJ. Ikke klar om det er alltid relevant nå f.eks. hvis det er nok stater. Subsequent objector? Norge følgte ikke regelen og ingen protestert (se Fiskerisaken (1951) og diskusjon i Crawford, s. 29).

23 4. Variasjoner..

24 a. Nivå Globalt (jus cogens) Globalt (vanlig) Regionalt Lokalt + Erga omnes: Plikten er til alle stater

25 Barcelona Traction saken (1970) an essential distinction should be drawn between the obligations of a State towards the international community as a whole, and those arising vis-a -vis another State in the field of diplomatic protection. By their very nature, the former are the concern of all States. In view of the importance of the rights involved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection; they are obligations erga omnes. 34. Such obligations derive, for example, in contemporary international law, from the outlawing of acts of aggression, and of genocide, as also from the principles and rules concerning the basic rights of the human person, including protection from slavery and racial discrimination. Some of the corresponding rights of protection have entered into the body of general international law... others are conferred by international instruments of a universal or quasi- universal character.

26 b. Umiddelbar sedvanerett Sufficient duration kan bli irrelevant Av og til snakk om instant customary law Særlig etter Tunisia/Libya saken (1982) Anerkjenelse av 200mils økonomisk soner kom rask og før havrettskonvensjon var ratifersert Men den var basert på kompromisset i forhandling på midten av 1970-tallet.

27 c. Utkrystallisering av sedvanerett En traktat kan: utkrystallisere en sedvanerettsregel som er under utvikling danne grunnlaget for en ny sedvanerettsregel Men det ikke selvsagt (Nordsjø-saken 1969, s. 41): Bestemmelse må være av en norm creating character Det må bli representativ og bred deltagelse av stater, spesiell de statene som er berørt av regelen.

28 d. Praksis nødvendig for MR? Spm: Hvordan kan menneskerettigheter forpliktelser blir sedvanerett siden MR er ikke ofte respektert? Men man kan spør om: Hvor viktig er statspraksis for sedvanerett om menneskerettigheter i forhold til opinio juris? Eller hvilke praksis er mer relevant for MR? Uttalelser kan bli viktigere enn adferd. Hovedpoeng: Se hvordan snakke om MR er det snakk om fakta eller regel?

29 Rettskilder: Oppsummering

30 Kritikk Interne/Rettsdogmatisk: Vektlegging av praksis og opinio juris

31 Eksterne kritikk

32 Traktater

33 Typer traktater Kontraktstraktater og rettssettende traktater Rammetraktater og protokoller Traktater som oppretter internasjonale institusjoner (domstoler, IGOs, traktatorganer)

34 Wien konvensjon Signert i 1969, ikrafttredelse 1980 Norge ikke tilsluttet Generelt akseptert som et uttrykk for folkerettslig sedvanerett (Donau-saken, 1997) land som ikke har ratifisert avtalen (f. eks. Norge) vil også være bundet av dens bestemmelser Regulerer inngåelse, tolkning og opphør av traktater Gjelder (skriftlige) avtaler mellom stater Konvensjon om traktater hvor internasjonale organisasjoner er parter, 1986, inneholder stort sett samme regler

35 Innga else av traktater 1. Myndighet til å inngå avtaler (Art. 7 VCLT) Fullmakt («full powers») Statenes praksis eller andre omstendigheter, eller «by virtue of their functions»

36 Innga else av traktater 2. Hvordan blir teksten vedtatt? (Art. 9 VCLT) Vedtak etter art. 9 VCLT krever samtykke eller 2/3 flertall (internasjonale konferanser) Vedtak av internasjonale organisasjoner Konsensus (for å unnga «a blocking third»)

37 Hva er konsensus? UN Office of Legal Affairs: UNFCCC COP, Doha (2012) a practice under which every effort is made to achieve unanimous agreement; but if that could not be done, those dissenting from the general trend were prepared simply to make their position or reservations known and placed on record. Statement by the Director of the General Legal Division, UN Office of Legal Affairs, Official Records of ECOSOC, 56th session, Supp. No.3A, UN Doc. E.5462 (6 March 1974), para.64 summarised in Use of the term consensus in UN practice, UN Juridical Yearbook 1974, Chap. VI A.12., pp

38 Hvordan blir en traktat bindende? Samtykke Arts Ikrafttredelse Arts. 24, 25

39 Innga else av traktater 3. Samtykke (art. 11 VCLT) Undertegning (art. 12) De deler av traktaten som fastsetter hvordan den blir bindende gjelder ved vedtak (art. 24(4) VCLT) Hvis det trenges etterfølgende ratifikasjon (art. 14): Staten forplikter seg til ikke å handle i strid med traktatens formål (Art. 18 VCLT) Innebærer i praksis ofte behov for samtykke fra Stortinget (demokratisk element)

40 Inngåelse av traktater 4. Ikrafttredelse: Art. 24 VCLT; ofte regulert i traktaten Eksempler: Art. 23 UNFCCC Art. 308(1) UNCLOS Art. 25 KP Art. 21 Parisavtalen

41 Rettslige konsekvenser: Arts. 26, 27 VCLT Reservasjoner Det absolutte system Det relative system (Art VCLT) Stemmeerklæringer (e.g. FN s Urfolkserklæring) Ugyldige traktater Inkompetanse Tilblivelsesmangler Innholdsmangler

42 Case Study: CEDAW Reservations and Objections The United Arab Emirates makes reservations to articles 2 (f), 9, 15 (2), 16 and 29 (1) of the Convention, as follows: Article 2 (f): The United Arab Emirates, being of the opinion that this paragraph violates the rules of inheritance established in accordance with the precepts of the Shariah, makes a reservation thereto and does not consider itself bound by the provisions thereof.

43 With regard to reservations made by Saudi Arabia upon ratification: The Government of the French Republic has examined the reservations made by the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted in New York on 18 December By stating that in case of contradiction between any term of the Convention and the norms of Islamic law, it is not under obligation to observe the terms of the Convention, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia formulates a reservation of general, indeterminate scope that gives the other States parties absolutely no idea which provisions of the Convention are affected or might be affected in future. The Government of the French Republic believes that the reservation could make the provisions of the Convention completely ineffective and therefore objects to it. The second reservation, concerning article 9, paragraph 2, rules out equality of rights between men and women with respect to the nationality of their children and the Government of the French Republic therefore objects to it. These objections do not preclude the Convention's entry into force between Saudi Arabia and France.

44 CEDAW Committee Statement on Reservations (1998) 7. Article 28, paragraph 2, of the Convention adopts the impermissibility principle contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It states that a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention shall not be permitted. 8. Although the Convention does not prohibit the entering of reservations, those which challenge the central principles of the Convention are contrary to the provisions of the Convention and to general international law. As such they may be challenged by other States parties. 16. The Committee holds the view that article 2 is central to the objects and purpose of the Convention. States parties which ratify the Convention do so because they agree that discrimination against women in all its forms should be condemned and that the strategies set out in article 2, subparagraphs (a) to (g), should be implemented by States parties to eliminate it. 17. Neither traditional, religious or cultural practice nor incompatible domestic laws and policies can justify violations of the Convention. The Committee also remains convinced that reservations to article 16, whether lodged for national, traditional, religious or cultural reasons, are incompatible with the Convention and therefore impermissible and should be reviewed and modified or withdrawn.

45 "The Government of Australia advises that it is not at present in a position to take the measures required by article 11 (2) to introduce maternity leave with pay or with comparable social benefits throughout Australia.

46 Wien konvensjonen om traktatretten, 1969 Article 31, GENERAL RULE OF INTERPRETATION 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes: (a) Any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connexion with the conclusion of the treaty; (b) Any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connexion with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty. 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context: (a) Any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions; (b) Any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation; (c) Any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended. Article 32. SUPPLEMENTARY MEANS OF INTERPRETATION Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: (a) Leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or (b) Leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.

47 Fortolkningsmetoder A.Objektiv B.Teleologiske C.Subjektiv

48 A. Objektiv fortolkning 1. God tro: Art 31(1) En fornuftig tilnærming til fortolkning. It is a cardinal principle of interpretation that a treaty should be interpreted in good faith and not lead to a result that would be manifestly absurd or unreasonable McTaggert Sinclair, 1984, s Formålet og partenes (objektive) intensjoner «should prevail over its literal application» : Donau-saken, 1997, avsnitt 142.

49 2. Ordlyden: Art 31(1) Begynner med «vanlige ordlyden» i «den konkrete traktaten» Øst-Grønland-saken (1933), PCIJ: The geographical meaning of the word Greenland i.e. The name which is habitually used in the maps to denominate the whole island, must be regarded as the ordinary of the meaning of the word.

50 Et eksempel: Hva er Australia?

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52 Men for i den 2005 Innvandringslov, er Australia mye mindre...

53

54 Den vanlige Kanskje i forhold til flytningskonvensjonen men veldig kontroversielt

55 B. Teleologiske tolkning 1. Formål: art. 31(1) Dersom ordlyden ikke gir noen klar løsning, er det vanlig å legge stor vekt på formålet. Man bruker det effektivitetsprinsippet. Prinsippet har sin grense kan ikke bidra til en konflikt med ordlyden og god tro (ICJ Rep s. 220). Men i dag er det prinsippet viktigere enn bevarelse av statenes suverenitet (et annet prinsipp som bidrar til mer restriktiv tolkning) 2. Konteksten: art 31(1) og definert i art 31(2) Defineres som fortalen, andre bestemmelser i traktaten, og andre avtaler mellom de partene i forbindelse med traktaten. 3. Må ta hensyn til...: (art. 31(3)) Senere avtaler, praksis Relevante regler

56 C. Subjektiv tolkning Dersom fortolkningsmomentene i art. 31 fører til uklar løsninger eller absurde resultater kan man bruke supplerende tolkningsmomenter: Traktatens forarbeider Traktatens forhistorie

57 Konflikt mellom og harmonisering av traktater Lex specialis derogat lege generali Lex posterior derogat lege priori (Art. 30(3) og (4)) Lex superior derogat lege inferiori

58 Subjektiv mot Teleologiske Eksempel: Art. 11(1) ØSK «Konvensjonspartene anerkjenner retten for enhver til å ha en tilfredsstillende levestandard for seg selv og sin familie, herunder tilfredsstillende mat, klær og bolig, samt til fortløpende å få sin levemåte forbedret.» Spørsmål: Gir art. 11(1) også et rett til vann?

59 ØSK Kommittee: Generelle tolkningsuttalelser nr. 15 Avsnitt 3. The use of the word including indicates that this catalogue of rights was not intended to be exhaustive. Hvilken metoden? Ordlyden Men det er ikke nok. Art. 11 er åpen til forskjellige fortolkninger så man må bruker andre metoder :

60 Teleogiske: Avsnitt 3: The right to water clearly falls within the category of guarantees essential for securing an adequate standard of living, particularly since it is one of the most fundamental conditions for survival Avsnitt. 3. Hvilken metoden? Formålet Avsnitt 3: The right to water is also inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12, para. 1) and the rights to adequate housing and adequate food (art. 11, para. 1). The right should also be seen in conjunction with other rights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights, foremost amongst them the right to life and human dignity. Hvilken metoden? Konteksten

61 Og hensyn til The right to water has been recognized in a wide range of international documents, including treaties, declarations and other standards. 5...The right to water has been consistently addressed by the Committee during its consideration of States parties reports 3 Moreover, the Committee has previously recognized that water is a human right contained in article 11, paragraph 1, (see general comment No. 6 (1995)).

62 Men, var det nok? Ikke alle andre traktene og resolusjonene var klar at det var en selvstendig rett til vann. Se Stephen Tully i Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights (2005), ss : man må også bruker art. 32 Wien manglende subjektive intensjoner av statene. Men se svaret fra Langford i Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights (2006), ss

63 På slutt... På slutt bestemte FNs generalforsamling selv i 2010: 1. Recognizes the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. FN Res. A/RES/64/292. FNS Menneskerettigheter råd i 2010: 2. Recalls General Assembly resolution 64/292 of 28 July 2010, in which the Assembly recognized the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights; 3. Affirms that the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as the right to life and human dignity;

64 Opphør av traktater Formål oppfylt eller tidsbegrensning Ny traktat (som ikke er konsistent med den gamle): Art. 59 Jus cogens: Arts. 54, 64 Bristende forutsetninger: Art. 62 Umulighet: Art. 61 Brudd («material breach»): Art. 60 Rett til å si opp: Art. 56 Nødvendighet? (-)

65 Alminnelige rettsgrunnsetninger

66 General principles of law recognized by civilized nations Prinsipper som er alminnelig utbredt i ulike nasjoners nasjonale rett Krever anerkjennelse av statene, men hvor mange er ikke klart Må være egnet til overføring fra internasjonal rett til nasjonal rett Anvendes sjelden som selvstendig rettskilde, men ser delvis Barcelona Traction og Diallo i forhold til limited liability av selskaper Mest brukt i spm om juridiksjon, bevis og prosedyre Brukt ofte av permanente voldgiftsdomstolen (PCA))

67 Corfu Channel-saken (1949) [T[he fact of this exclusive territorial control exercised by a State within its frontiers has a bearing upon the methods of proof available to establish the knowledge of that State as to such events. By reason of this exclusive control, the other State, the victim of a breach of international law, is often unable to furnish direct proof of facts giving rise to responsibility. Such a State should be allowed a more liberal recourse to inferences of fact and circumstantial evidence. This indirect evidence is admitted in all systems of law, and its use is recognized by international decisions. It must be regarded as of special weight when it is based on a series of facts linked together and leading logically to a single conclusion.

68 Andre prinsipper? Equity Humanity Legitimate interests

69 Rettspraksis og rettsteori

70 Rettspraksis (artikkel 38(1)(d)) Ingen formell stare decisis/bindende prejudikater men stor praktisk betydning Internasjonale domstoler vektlegger ofte egen praksis Internasjonale domstoler vektlegger mer og mer andre domstolers praksis Se f. eks. Diallo-saken (2010) og Mur-saken (2004). Rettslig teori (artikkel 38(1)(d)) Utvidet bruk i prosesskriv, men som regel ikke sitert i majoritetsavgjørelser

71 Andre materielle kilder

72 FN resolusjoner Rettskapende Autoritativ fortolkning International Law Commission Autoritativ fortolkning Men ILC også har rollen med progressiv utvikling av folkerett- Må derfor se når ICJ vurdere at en regel er sedvanerett ILC Commentaries

73 Prosedyre

74 Article Only states may be parties in cases before the Court. 2. The Court, subject to and in conformity with its Rules, may request of public international organizations information relevant to cases before it, and shall receive such information presented by such organizations on their own initiative.

75 Prosedyre 1. The jurisdiction of the Court comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force.

76 2. The states parties to the present Statute may at any time declare that they recognize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other state accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the Court in all legal disputes concerning: a. the interpretation of a treaty; b. any question of international law; c. the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation ; d. the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.

77 3. The declarations referred to above may be made unconditionally or on condition of reciprocity on the part of several or certain states, or for a certain time.

78 Example: Georgia v Russia (2011)

79 IRAC Method Issue (Problemstilling) Rule (Regel inkl. rettspraksis) Analysis (Analyse, drøftelse) Conclusion (Konklusjon)

80 Veiledning: Du må være trygg på at du har klart å identifisere ( finne ) problemstillingen før du starter drøftelsen. Fra: VEILEDNING: LØSNING AV PRAKTIKUM OG TEORETISKE OPPGAVER

81 Krav til gode oppgavesvar Når du har identifisert problemstillingene, bør du finne frem til det krav Peder A s fremmer. Hva er kravet? Hevning? Erstatning? Begge deler? Fra: VEILEDNING: LØSNING AV PRAKTIKUM OG TEORETISKE OPPGAVER

82 Deretter må du identifisere det rettslige grunnlaget som Peder bygger sitt krav på En identifisering av rettsgrunnlag er nødvendig for å kunne gjennomføre en drøftelse pro/contra, se nedenfor om drøftelsen... Fra: VEILEDNING: LØSNING AV PRAKTIKUM OG TEORETISKE OPPGAVER

83 Et neste trinnet er drøftelsen. En juridisk drøftelse er en argumentasjon pro/contra. Du må bestrebe deg på å få frem alle de saklige argumentene pro/contra. Tenk deg gjerne at du er advokat for begge partene, først den ene og så den andre. Fra: VEILEDNING: LØSNING AV PRAKTIKUM OG TEORETISKE OPPGAVER

84 Det er full anledning a gi uttrykk for tvil før du inntar konklusjonen. Men av og til er rettsspørsmålet lite tvilsomt og konklusjonen derfor klar. Da tar det seg dårlig ut hvis du har sagt at konklusjonen er tvilsom. Fra: VEILEDNING: LØSNING AV PRAKTIKUM OG TEORETISKE OPPGAVER

85 Ikke legg ut i bredden om teoretiske juridiske spørsmål i en praktikum (Som det heter: Ikke teoretiser ). Men du skal likevel ikke være redd for a vise at du har gode kunnskaper i den konkrete drøftelsen du foretar. Fra: VEILEDNING: LØSNING AV PRAKTIKUM OG TEORETISKE OPPGAVER

86 Key Cases

87 Kjerne ICJ dommer man burde lese: Fra JSUs domsamling 1.Barcelona Traction-saken (1970) 2.Nicaragua-saken (1984) 3.Jan Mayen-saken (1993) 4.Den Israelske mur saken (2004) 5.Avena-saken (2004) 6.Congo v Uganda (2005) Fra ICJ websiden 7. Kosovo-saken (2010) 8. Pulp Mills saken (2010) 9. Diallo-saken (2010) 10.Tyskland v. Italia (2012) 11. Marshall Islandssaken (2016)