Forelesning 2 Folkerett metode og kilde

Transkript

1 JUS2111 (Folkerett) Forelesning 2 Folkerett metode og kilde Malcolm Langford Førsteamanuensis, Det juridiske fakultet, Universitet i Oslo Direktør, Centre for Law and Social Transformation, Universitet i Bergen og CMI

2 Sedvanerett

3

4 Norske rett (f. eks. statsrett) Domstolenes rett til å prøve om en lov er i overensstemmelse med grunnloven (1822/ ) Parliamentarisme ( ) Overgangen fra personlig kongemakt til en hovedsakelig seremoniell rolle for kongen (1905-) I alle tre saker (og mange andre) var avstand mellom Grunnlovens ord og det faktiske styringssystemet skapt. Anerkjent av nesten alle at: Grunnleggende prinsipp for statsmaktenes kompetanse og organisering utviklet gjennom langvarig praksis skulle regnes som konstitusjonell sedvanerett.

5 ICJ Statuttene, Art The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. 2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.

6 Traktater Sedvanerett Alminnelige rettsgrunnsetninger Rettspraksis og rettslig teori

7 Folkerett Sedvanerett var veldig viktig tidligere Men fortsatt relevant i mange område der traktatutvikling er treg Men staten som påberope sedvanerett må bevise at det eksisterer.

8 Christina gaph

9 Oversikt Objektivt: statspraksis ( General practice ) Subjektivt: opinio juris ( Accepted as law ) Unntak: the persistent objector Men mange variasjoner...

10 1. Objektivt: statspraksis Hva er praksis? Alle uttrykk for statens rettsoppfatning er relevante Statens lovgivning og håndhevelse Avgjørelse av nasjonal domstoler eller forvaltningsorganer Uttalelser fra stater Uttalelser fra statens representanter Protester mot andre staters handlinger Passivitet (Tempelsaken 1962) Konvensjoner Stemmegivning i IOs

11 Tyskland mot Italia (2012) - ICJ In the present context, State practice of particular significance is to be found in the judgments of national courts faced with the question whether a foreign State is immune, the legislation of those States which have enacted statutes dealing with immunity, the claims to immunity advanced by States before foreign courts and the statements made by States, first in the course of the extensive study of the subject by the International Law Commission and then in the context of the adoption of the United Nations Convention.

12 Christina gaph

13 Hva slags praksis? 1. Widespread acceptance Fisheries Jurisdiction Case, ICJ 1974 Trenger ikke alle stater Men representative stater eller stater med interesser 2. Consistent and uniform usage Aslysaken (1950) Ikke et absolutt krav små deviasjoner er OK Men substantiv inconsistency må bli vurdert av stater som et brudd, ikke en ny eller andre regel 3. Sufficient duration Paquete Habana saken (analyserte 400år av praksis!) North Sea Continental Shelf Passage of only a short period of time is not necessarily, or of itself, a bar to the formation of a new rule of customary international law if the practice is both extensive and uniform

14 2. Subjektivt: opinio juris Praksisen må ha grunnlag i en rettsoverbevisning

15 Tyskland mot Italia (2012) - ICJ Opinio juris in this context is reflected in particular in the assertion by States claiming immunity that international law accords them a right to such immunity from the jurisdiction of other States; in the acknowledgment, by States granting immunity, that international law imposes upon them an obligation to do so; and, conversely, in the assertion by States in other cases of a right to exercise jurisdiction over foreign States.

16 Psykologisk dimensjon Not only must the acts concerned be a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule requiring it.... The States concerned must feel that they are conforming to what amounts to a legal obligation. (Nordsjøsaken 1969, 44)

17 Rollen av resolusjoner Atomvåpen saken (1996), s : The Court notes that General Assembly Resolution resolutions, even if they are not binding, may sometimes have normative value. They can, in some circumstances, provide evidence important for establishing the existence of a rule or the emergence of an opinio juris. To establish whether this is true of a given General Assembly resolution, it is necessary to look at its content and the conditions of its adoption; it is also necessary to see whether an opinio juris exists as to its normative character. Or a series of resolutions may show the gradual evolution of the opinio juris required for the establishment of a new rule.

18 3. Unntak: the persistent objector Fiskerisaken (1951) the ten-mile rule would appear to be inapplicable as against Norway inasmuch as she has always opposed any attempt to apply it to the Norwegian coast. Asylsaken (1950) But even if it could be supposed that such a custom existed between certain Latin-American States only, it could not be invoked against Peru which, far from having by its attitude adhered to it, has, on the contrary, repudiated it by refraining from ratifying the Montevideo Conventions of 1933 and 1939, which were the first to include a rule concerning the qualification of the offence in matters of diplomatic asylum. Men bare disse to saker fra ICJ... Ikke klar om det er alltid relevant nå f.eks. hvis det er nok representive stater.

19 4. Variasjoner..

20 a. Nivå Globalt (jus cogens) Globalt (vanlig) Regionalt Lokalt + Erga omnes: Plikten er til alle stater

21 Barcelona Traction saken (1970) an essential distinction should be drawn between the obligations of a State towards the international community as a whole, and those arising vis-a -vis another State in the field of diplomatic protection. By their very nature, the former are the concern of all States. In view of the importance of the rights involved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection; they are obligations erga omnes. 34. Such obligations derive, for example, in contemporary international law, from the outlawing of acts of aggression, and of genocide, as also from the principles and rules concerning the basic rights of the human person, including protection from slavery and racial discrimination. Some of the corresponding rights of protection have entered into the body of general international law... others are conferred by international instruments of a universal or quasi- universal character.

22 b. Umiddelbar sedvanerett Sufficient duration kan bli irrelevant Av og til snakk om instant customary law Særlig etter Tunisia/Libya saken (1982) Anerkjenelse av 200mils økonomisk soner kom rask og før havrettskonvensjon var ratifersert Men den var basert på kompromisset i forhandling på midten av 1970-tallet.

23 c. Utkrystallisering av sedvanerett En traktat kan: utkrystallisere en sedvanerettsregel som er under utvikling danne grunnlaget for en ny sedvanerettsregel Men det ikke selvsagt (Nordsjø-saken 1969, s. 41): Bestemmelse må være av en norm creating character Det må bli representativ og bred deltagelse av stater, spesiell de statene som er berørt av regelen.

24 d. Praksis nødvendig for MR? Spm: Hvordan kan menneskerettigheter forpliktelser blir sedvanerett siden MR er ikke ofte respektert? Men man kan spør om: Hvor viktig er statspraksis for sedvanerett om menneskerettigheter i forhold til opinio juris? Eller hvilke praksis er mer relevant for MR? Uttalelser kan bli viktigere enn adferd. Hovedpoeng: Se hvordan snakke om MR er det snakk om

25 Rettskilder: Oppsummering