Miljøregnskap for skip sett i et livsløpsperspektiv

Transkript

1 1 Miljøregnskap for skip sett i et livsløpsperspektiv Professor Annik Magerholm Fet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, NTNU 4.Februar 2014 Haugesundkonferansen

2 2 Innhold: Oversikt over IGLO-prosjektet Presentasjon av life cycle model og thinking Presentasjon av miljøaspekter og miljøregnskap for de ulike fasen i skipets livsløp Eksempel fra bruk av LCA/LCC-metodikk Utfordringen for MCDA-beslutningsstøtte verktøy Videreføring i KPN-prosjektet SUSPRO

3 3 Kompetanseprosjekt med mål å Develop knowledge regarding future strategies for the maritime industry innovation processes in global business systems production processes with a value chain perspective CSR and environmental challenges for the maritime industry Samarbeid mellom NTNU/IØT, NTNU/IPK og Marintek

4 4 IGLO-MP 2020 structure Industrial Partners through the project LCA-analyses for 3 systems at Rolls Royce Marine.

5 5 Eksempel på forskningstema Foresight and scenarios as basis for strategic decisions, Modularisation in Shipbuilding, Successful Maritime Clusters 2020, Key Drivers and Criteria Energy Efficiency Impact of Environmental Performance on Competitiveness in the Maritime Industry, Environmental Life Cycle Management, System engineering in ship design Ship Recycling in a life cycle perspective Se 5

6 6 Sustainable Shipping from cradle to grave SEEBALANCE - SocioEcoEffiency Analysis SEEBALANCE framework developed by BASF 6

7 7 Life cycle thinking Raw material extraction Scrapping / recycling Production Maintenance / repair Use

8 8 Environmental management tools Process assistance tools; e.g. input-output analyses for production process. Product assistance tools, e.g. life cycle assessment along the entire value chain of a product Management assistance tools, e.g. an environmental management system that ensures continual improvements Life cycle management, e.g. the application of life cycle thinking to modern business practice Act: Evaluate Plan: Identify Check: Monitor Do: Implement

9 9 Miljøstyrings - Plan: Identify struktur Act: Evaluate Do: Implement 1. Policy 2. Kartlegging av miljøaspekter/milj øregnskap 3. Miljømål og miljøprogram 4. Styringssystem 5. Miljørapport 6. Revisjon og sertifisering Check: Monitor

10 10 Miljøaspekter i byggefasen FORBRUK DIVERSE ENERGIFORBRUK Brennolje (liter) Diesel (liter) AVFALLSKOSTNADER Blåsesand (100 kg) Rengjørings midler (liter) Tynner (liter) Maling (10 liter) 18,00 16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00-1,75 1,50 UTSLIPP TIL LUFT 1,25 1,00 0,75 0,50 0,25 0, Partikler (tonn) SO2 (100 kg) NOx (tonn) CO2 (100 tonn) Løsningsmidler (10 tonn) Kostnad per tonn avfall (1000 kr/tonn) Avfallskostand er (mill.nok)

11 11 Miljøaspekter i driftsfasen Ressursforbruk Utslipp til luft Utslipp til sjø Avfall Bruk av kjemikalier

12 12 Miljøaspekter ivaretatt Regelverk/kravdokumen t - MARPOL Annex I Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution of Oil Annex IV Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships - Lensevann og oljerester - Ballastvann håndteringssystem -Spesielle områder - ISO 8178 Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Exhaust Emission Measurement - DNV regler / Miljøklasse Styringsverktøy/hånd bøker: Drifts og operasjonshåndbøker Kvalitetshåndbok Miljøhåndbok Manualer for diverse aktiviteter Garbage record book Oljedagbok Ballast loggbok Driftsrapporter Annet?

13 13 Miljøaspekter ombord:

14 14 Miljøaspekter i avhendingsfasen Cathodic protection (Al, Zn) Batteries (Pb, Cd, Ni and sulphuric acid) Coatings and paint (PCB, Cu, Zn, Cl and TBT from older ships) Fire fighting agents Refrigerants (Freon-12, R22) Thermal insulation (asbestos, PCB) The hull and large steel structures (Fe) Electrical system (Cu, PVC, PCB, Pb, Hg) Hydrocarbons and cargo residues Miljøkonskekvenser avhenger av avhendingsmetoden Beaching eller Green Recycling

15 15 Nye krav er nedfelt i Hong Kong Convention The Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM) Materials, equipment, their location, and the approximate quantity Ship owners must compare IHM and ship specific Ship Recycling Plan (SRP) On the scrap yard an initial survey to verify IHM Industry impact due to the Convention new design for recycling concepts are emerging

16 16 Summary main environmental aspects from the life cycle of the ship PROJECT PLANNING/ DESIGN CONSTRUCTION/ PRODUCTION OPERATION/ MAINTENANCE/ SUPPORT SYSTEM RETIREMENT/ SCRAPPING Shipbuilding and maintenance, shipyards activities Release to water of grinding and blasting substances, anti-fouling and other coatings. Release to air of noise, dust, particles, gases from e.g. welding and aerosols, smells. Production and disposal of waste: metal waste, oil-contaminated waste, paint, cables, etc. Ship operation and maintenance Emissions of CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, HC Ballast water, oil spills, etc Oily waste, tank residues Ship dismantling metal bearing wastes (Cadmium, lead, mercury) Oily waste, waste containing PCB and other hazardous materials, mix of chemicals etc.

17 17 Livsløpsanalytiske beregninger Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Metode for å estimere miljøeffekter av produkter, prosesser og tjenester i et livsløpsperspektiv Life Cycle Costing (LCC) Metode for å estimere alle kostnader knyttet til prosjekter, produkter og tjeneste i et livsløpsperspektiv LCA og LCC kan kombineres for å beregne øko-effektivitet (EE)

18 18 Basic methodology Iron ore, copper ore, sand, bauxite, silicon, chlorine, kaolin, wood, water, air, peat, corn, gold, stone, soil, etc. Material resources S By-products, waste S Energy Raw materials Calculate the elementary inputs and outputs for all processes we have in our system. By-products, waste Technosphere Fuel, steel, chemicals By-products, waste S CO 2 SO x NO x CH 4 benzene Technosphere HF S dust etc. Emissions to air Emissions to water Emissions to soil Fuel, trucks nitrogen, arsenic, hydrogen chloride, pesticides, oil, process water, hydrogen chloride, etc. S

19 19 Case 1: Chain B LCA-metodikk: Chain A - analyse av miljøeffekt av ulike transport-alternativer Chain B Chain A Road transport Waterborne transport Road transport Waterborne transport Termo Trailer HFR/Norfrig Harbours in Oslo and Kiel Terminal in Ijmuiden Harbours in Ålesund, Måløy and Ijmuiden Road Ålesund - Oslo, Kiel - Paris M/V Kronprins Harald (or M/V Prinsesse Ragnhild) Termo Trailer HFR/Norfrig RoRo-ship M/V Nordjarl Road Ijmuiden - Paris

20 20 Kartlegging (per tonn produkt) Impact category Compound Chain A Chain B Charact. Contr. Normalisat. Climate change CO 2 84 kg 138 kg 1 N 2 O 0,24 g 0,71 g 320 CH 4 1,5 g 4,4 g 25 EP(j) Acidification SO g 867 g 1,00 NO X 1286 g 1802 g 0,70 NH 3 0,022 g 0,064 g 1,88 EP(j) Toxic contam. Pb (to air) (no data) (no data) 160 TBT 0,10 g 0, Cu 2 EP(j) Local air pollut. particles 24 g 70 g Photo oxid. form. NMVOC 36,6 g 106 g Noise Area >55dBA 10,4 m 2 94 m Eutrophication NH 3 0,022 g 0,064 g 3,64 NO X 1286 g 1802 g 1,35 EP(j) Energy consump. MJ 930 MJ 1812 MJ PJ Land use Area (m 2 ) 0,23 m 2 0,66 m

21 Relative contribution 21 Normaliserte resultater 1E-08 9E-09 8E-09 7E-09 6E-09 5E-09 4E-09 3E-09 Transport chain A Transport chain B 2E-09 1E-09 0 Climate change Acidification Toxic contamination Photo oxidant formation Local air pollution (dust) Noise Eutrophication Energy consumption Land use Impact categories

22 22 Case 2: Øko-effektivitetsstudie for to autolinebåter Anvende screening analyse på to autolinebåter Funksjonell enhet: kg fisk landet Referansestrøm: fartøy bygd og driftet i 25 år Resultater LCA: kg utslipp / kg fisk LCC: Kostnader (NOK) / kg fisk Øko-effektivitet: (1/NOK) / utslipp Unit Geir Geir Length, L m Breadth, B m Depth to main m deck, D Volume cargo area m Service speed kn Displacement t Annual landed fish (quota) t

23 23 Impact per subsystem GWP AP POCP ADP GWP AP POCP ADP 2010 GWP AP POCP ADP GWP AP POCP ADP Analyse av miljøeffekter av subsystemer Environmental impacts 100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Construction Geir 1989 Geir 2010 Operation Construction Operation 8: Ship's Common Systems 7: Systems for Machinery Main Components 6: Machinery Main Components 5: Crew and Passenger Equipment 4: Ship's Equipment 3: Cargo Equipment 2: Hull Systems Environmental impact categories (CML 2001) 1: Ship General 23

24 24 LCC (MNOK) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Kostnadsanalyse av subsystemer SHIP'S GENERAL HULL SYSTEMS 3 CARGO EQUIPMENT 50 4 SHIP'S EQUIPMENT 0 5 CREW AND PASSENGERS EQUIPMENT 6 MACHINERY MAIN COMPONENTS 7 SYSTEMS FOR MACHINERY MAIN COMPONENTS 8 SHIP'S COMMON SYSTEM Total life cycle costs SFI Group System Geir 1989 Geir

25 25 Value performance, LCC (MNOK) Øko-effektivitet sammenligning av de to båtene Eco-Efficiency of vessels fuel test - Absolute values per vessel Geir 1989 Geir 2010 Environmental performance, EDC (MNOK) 25

26 Value performance (LCC per FU) 26 Øko-effektivitet sammenligning basert på funksjonell enhet, dvs pr landet kg fisk 30 Eco-Efficiency of vessels, Absolute values per FU Geir 1989 Geir Environmental performance, (EDC per FU) 26

27 27 Case 3: LCA av tre trålvinsjsystemer (Carbon footprint per FU) 1,80E+03 1,60E+03 1,40E+03 1,20E+03 1,00E+03 8,00E+02 6,00E+02 4,00E+02 2,00E+02 0,00E+00 Carbon footprint kg CO2-eq. Vugge til port BRH AC PM Carbon footprint kg CO2-eq. Bruksfasen 7,00E+05 6,00E+05 5,00E+05 4,00E+05 3,00E+05 2,00E+05 1,00E+05 0,00E+00 BRH AC PM Carbon footprint kg CO2-eq. Hele levetiden 7,00E+05 6,00E+05 5,00E+05 4,00E+05 3,00E+05 2,00E+05 1,00E+05 0,00E+00 BRH AC PM

28 28 Increasing number & complexity of expectations History of LCM Life Cycle Management Life Cycle Assessment Early Environmental Movement Improved Corporate Environmental Performance Time source: Five Winds International

29 29 What Does LCM Encompass? Strategies & Concepts Systems & Processes Life Cycle Management product and/or organizational focus GOAL Programmes Sustainable Development Data Information & Models Tools & Techniques

30 30 Integrated and Environmental Management Systems (i.e. ISO 14001, EMAS) Systems & Processes Classic Responsibility Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) INPUTS Final Product

31 31 Integrated and Environmental Management Systems (i.e. ISO 14001, EMAS) Systems & Processes Waste Benefit Waste Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Use INPUTS Final Product

32 32 Design for Environment (DfE) The systematic integration of environmental considerations into product and process design. Internal Drivers External Drivers Programmes

33 33 Design prosesser Tradisjonelt 2 hovedmodeller 1.The descriptive model: Standardized to Order (StO) 2.The prescriptive model: Engineering to Order (EtO), a SE-approach, or concurrent engineering, High complexity Low complexity Offshore construction Offshore support Short Sea Shipping Engineering to Order (EtO) Market volume/size of P&S portfolio Configure to Order (CtO) Standardised to Order (StO) En tredje modell: Configure to Order (CtO): Based upon reuse of knowledge and prior solutions, designed to specific customer needs but utilizing the benefit from the standardized shipbuilding concepts. Modular design: standardized modules that can be produced at a lower cost by mass production, flexibility regarding customer satisfaction

34 34 How to integrate the life cycle sustainability aspects into the design phase? From Mello et al, 2013

35 35 Videreføring i SUSPRO Hvilke beslutningsstøtteverktøy trengs for å adressere miljøaspektene i livsløpet? Hvilke kriterier skal vurderes? Videre forskning vil se på Multikriteriemodellering MCDA (multicriteria decision aid) i prosjektering og bygging av skip. Dette vil innbefatte Livsløpsmodellering: Hvordan kan miljøaspektene i ulike livsløpsfaser modelleres, vurderes og vektlegges for beslutning i designfasen? Utvikling av integrert rammeverk som kombinerer effektvurderingsmetodikk fra ulike disipliner (LCA, LCC, risk assessment, simulering etc).

36 36 Takk for oppmerksomheten!