Folkerett 3. Traktatrett og statsansvar. Professor Dr. Christina Voigt

Transkript

1 Folkerett 3. Traktatrett og statsansvar Professor Dr. Christina Voigt

2 Traktater Traktatsamlinger Typer traktater UNTS Fakultetets traktatregister UDs traktatregister Kontraktstraktater og rettssettende traktater Rammetraktater og protokoller Traktater som oppretter internasjonale institusjoner (domstoler, IGOs, traktatorganer)

3 Traktater Wien-konvensjonen om traktatretten (VCLT) (1969) Signert i 1969, ikrafttredelse 1980 Norge ikke tilsluttet Generelt akseptert som et uttrykk for folkerettslig sedvanerett land som ikke har ratifisert avtalen vil også være bundet av dens bestemmelser Regulerer inngåelse, tolkning og opphør av traktater Gjelder (skriftlige) avtaler mellom stater Konvensjon om traktater hvor internasjonale organisasjoner er parter, 1986, inneholder stort sett samme regler

4 Inngåelse av traktater 1. Myndighet til å inngå avtaler UNFCCC COP, Doha (2012) Art. 7 VCLT: basert på fullmakt («full powers»), statenes praksis eller andre omstendigheter, eller «by virtue of their functions» 2. Hvordan blir teksten vedtatt? Vedtak etter art. 9 VCLT krever samtykke eller 2/3 flertall (internasjonale konferanser) Vedtak av internasjonale organisasjoner Konsensus (for å unngå «a blocking third»)

5 Hva er konsensus? UN Office of Legal Affairs: UNFCCC COP, Doha (2012) a practice under which every effort is made to achieve unanimous agreement; but if that could not be done, those dissenting from the general trend were prepared simply to make their position or reservations known and placed on record. Statement by the Director of the General Legal Division, UN Office of Legal Affairs, Official Records of ECOSOC, 56 th session, Supp. No.3A, UN Doc. E.5462 (6 March 1974), para.64 summarised in Use of the term consensus in UN practice, UN Juridical Yearbook 1974, Chap. VI A.12., pp

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7 Inngåelse av traktater Hvordan blir en traktat bindende? Samtykke Arts Ikrafttredelse Arts. 24, 25

8 Inngåelse av traktater 3. Samtykke (art. 11 VCLT) Undertegning (art. 12) De deler av traktaten som fastsetter hvordan den blir bindende gjelder ved vedtak (art. 24(4) VCLT) Hvis det trenges etterfølgende ratifikasjon (art. 14): Staten forplikter seg til ikke å handle i strid med traktatens formål (Art. 18 VCLT) Innebærer i praksis ofte behov for samtykke fra Stortinget (demokratisk element) 4. Ikrafttredelse: Art. 24 VCLT; ofte regulert i traktaten (Art. 23 UNFCCC, art. 308(1) UNCLOS Art. 25 KP

9 Rettslige konsekvenser: Arts. 26, 27 VCLT Reservasjoner Det absolutte system Det relative system (Art VCLT) Stemmeerklæringer Ugyldige traktater Inkompetanse Tilblivelsesmangler Innholdsmangler

10 Opphør av traktater Formål oppfylt eller tidsbegrensning Ny traktat (som ikke er konsistent med den gamle): Art. 59 Jus cogens: Arts. 54, 64 Bristende forutsetninger: Art. 62 Umulighet: Art. 61 Brudd («material breach»): Art. 60 Rett til å si opp: Art. 56 Nødvendighet? (-)

11 Tolkning av traktater (art 31-33) God tro Ordlyd Tolkning ut fra sammenhengen Formålstolkning (effektivitet) Etterfølgende avtaler og praksis Andre folkerettsregler Supplerende tolkningsmomenter Konflikt mellom og harmonisering av traktater Lex specialis derogat lege generali Lex posterior derogat lege priori (Art. 30(3) og (4)) Lex superior derogat lege inferiori

12 Statsansvar Vilkårene for at et folkerettsubjekt skal anses være ansvarlig for et rettsbrudd Innholdet av dette ansvaret Folkerettens sekundærregler Dobbelt formål: prevensjon og reparasjon FNs folkerettskommisjon har kodifisert og utviklet reglene om statsansvar «ILC Articles on Stare responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts» med kommentarer publisert i 2001 Ikke vedtatt i bindende form men dekkende uttrykk for internasjonal sedvanerett

13 Statsansvar Det objektive folkerettsbruddet Article 1: Responsibility of a State for its internationally wrongful act Every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State Article 2: Elements of an internationally wrongful act of a State There is an internationally wrongful act of a State when conduct consisting of an action or omission: (a) is attributable to the State under international law; and (b) constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State.

14 Statsansvar Hvilke handlinger hefter staten for? Alle statsorganer Handlinger utenfor tjenesten Privates handlinger Unnlatelser Ansvarsgrunnlag Uaktsomhet eller objektivt ansvar Avhenger av primærnormen: obligation of result eller obligation of conduct (due diligence) Pulp Mills saken Særlig relevant når private handler : en stat må gjøre alt den kan for å unngå at private krenker rettsposisjonen som er beskyttet gjennom folkerett

15 Ansvarsfrihetsgrunner Samtykke (bortsett fra jus cogens) Selvforsvar Mottiltak ( represalier ) Hvilke stater kan iverksette? Nødvendighet og proporsjonalitet Force majeure Distress Nødrett Restriktive tiltak mot Russland Torrey Canyon (1967)

16 16 Hvem kan gjøre ansvar gjeldende? Hvilke stater er krenket? Erga omnes-forpliktelser (Barcelona Traction (1970) Legal consequences (2004) Krenkelser mot stater og individer Uttømming av lokale rettsmidler Ansvarets innhold Opphør av rettsstridig handling Naturalrestitusjon Chorzow Factory-saken (1928): «Reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed.» Erstatning Andre sanksjoner Sellafield

17 21 Tvisteløsning Tredjepartens funksjon Løsning på rettslig eller annet grunnlag Bindende og ikke-bindende avgjørelser Good offices og mekling Undersøkelseskommisjoner Forliksbehandling Voldgift

18 22 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Parter Jurisdiksjon Avgjørelsene Dommer Midlertidige forføyninger Rådgivende uttalelser Andre internasjonale domstoler Havrettsdomstolen (ITLOS) Tvisteløsning i WTO Investeringstvister Internasjonale straffedomstoler Regionale domstoler, slik som EU-domstolen, EFTAdomstolen og EMD Menneskerettslige traktatorganer Saker ICJ Norges erklæring

19 General rule of interpretation Artikkel A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. 2.The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes: (a) any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty; (b) any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty. 3.There shall be taken into account, together with the context: (a) any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions; (b) any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation; (c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended. tilbake

20 Artikkel 32 Supplementary means of interpretation Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or (b) leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable. Tilbake

21 Art. 308 UNCLOS: «This Convention shall enter into force 12 months after the deposit of the sixtieth instrument of ratification or accession.» Vedtatt: In kraft: back

22 Kyoto Protocol Art. 25 This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Vedtatt: In kraft: back

23 Pulp Mills (2010) «101. The Court points out that the principle of prevention, as a customary rule, has its origins in the due diligence that is required of a State in its territory. It is every State s obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other States (Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 22). A State is thus obliged to use all the means at its disposal in order to avoid activities which take place in its territory, or in any area under its jurisdiction, causing significant damage to the environment of another State. This Court has established that this obligation is now part of the corpus of international law relating to the environment (Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 242, para. 29). back

24 " an essential distinction should be drawn between the obligations of a State towards the international community as a whole, and those arising vis-à-vis another State in the field of diplomatic protection. By their very nature, the former are the concern of all States. In view of the importance of the rights involved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection; they are obligations erga omnes. [at 34] Such obligations derive, for example, in contemporary international law, from the outlawing of acts of aggression, and of genocide, as also from the principles and rules concerning the basic rights of the human person, including protection from slavery and racial discrimination. Some of the corresponding rights of protection have entered into the body of general international law... others are conferred by international instruments of a universal or quasiuniversal character. Barcelona Traction [(Belgium v Spain) (Second Phase) ICJ Rep paragraphs 33, 34 back

25 Not only must the acts concerned be a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule requiring it. The States concerned must feel that they are conforming to what amounts to a legal obligation. (North Sea Continental Shelf cases, ICJ Rep., 1969, p. 3 at 44) tilbake

26 Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territories The Court would observe that the obligations violated by Israel include certain obligations erga omnes. As the Court indicated in the Barcelona Traction case, such obligations are by their very nature the concern of all States and, In view of the importance of the rights involved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection. (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 32, para. 33.) The obligations erga omnes violated by Israel are the obligation to respect the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, and certain of its obligations under international humanitarian law. back