Authors: Ingunn Saur Modahl and Bjørn Ivar Vold OR ISBN: / Navn

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1 Authors: Ingunn Saur Modahl and Bjørn Ivar Vold OR ISBN: / Navn

2 Report no.: OR ISBN no.: Type of report: ISBN no.: Commissioned report ISSN no.: Report title: Authors: Ingunn Saur Modahl and Bjørn Ivar Vold Project no: 1433 Project title: EPD av etanol frå Borregard (EPD of ethanol from Borregaard) Commissioner: Borregaard Industries Limited, Norway Commissioners reference: Tuva Barnholt Keywords: Availability: Number of pages incl. appendixes: LCA Greenhouse gas account Wood conversion Bio refinery Open 78 Approved: Date: 18 th of February, 2011 Project leader (Sign) Research leader (Sign) Copying with reference allowed

3 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND METHODOLOGY GENERAL LIMITATIONS OF LCA MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT GOAL, SYSTEM BOUNDARIES AND DATA GOAL OF THE ANALYSIS FUNCTIONAL UNIT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SYSTEM BOUNDARIES DATASET AND CONDITIONS About the datasets Collection of specific data for raw materials and chemicals Modelling of the infrastructure at Borregaard Choice of electricity model Transport to customer ALLOCATION QUALITY CONTROL RESULTS GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) ACIDIFICATION POTENTIAL EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL (POCP) OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP) CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND (CED) WASTE OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES SCENARIO ANALYSIS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES...52 Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Process model, energy- and mass balance Aggregated results Data for emissions and water consumption Borregaard Masses and treatment of waste from Borregaard Detailed EPD calculations How to read the LCA network figure? LCA what, why and how? Environmental impact categories and potential effects i

4 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 METHODOLOGY 1 LCA = Life Cycle Assessment. Wikipedia: An introduction to LCA is presented in appendixes. 2 EPD = Environmental Product Declaration. Standardised (ISO 14025) method for presentation of LCA results. 3 International organisation for Standardisation;

5 - - - ISO 14044: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and guidelines ISO 14048: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Data documentation format 3

6 Table 1 Impact assessment methods used in this study 4 Environmental impact category Global warming potential (GWP) Acidification potential Eutrophication potential Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP): Ozone depletion potential Human and eco toxicity Resource consumption in the form of area consumption Resource use in the form of material consumption Resource consumption in the form of cumulative energy demand, several categories (CED) Waste (several categories) Impact assessment method IPPC 2007 GWP 100a 5, V1.02 CML 2 baseline 2000, V2.05. CML 2 baseline 2000, V2.05. CML 2 baseline 2000, V2.05. CML 2 baseline 2000, V2.05. CML 2 baseline 2000, V2.05. CML 2001 (all impact categories), V2.04. Unit kg CO 2 -eqv. kg SO 2 -eqv. kg PO 4-3 -eqv. kg C 2 H 4 -eqv (ethene/ ethyleneeqv.) kg CFC-11- eqv. kg 1.4- dichlorobenz ene-eqv. m 2 a Comment Assuming steady state in biogenic systems (not considering uptake of CO 2 in biological systems, nor counting biogenic CO 2 when burning biological matter). has included emission factors for some groups of emissions (VOC, NMVOC, alkenes, aromatics and esters). The calculations are made according to the LCA-guide from the University of Leiden (Universiteit Leiden, 2010). Not included in this analysis. Not included in this analysis. - kg Not included in this analysis. CML 1992 V2.06 and Cumulative Energy Demand V1.07 by Ecoinvent. EDIP/UMIP 97 V2.03 (waste). MJ LHV kg waste Developed by, based on own experience, EPD-guidelines (PCR CPC 17 v.1.1, Electricity, Steam, and Hot and Cold Water Generation and Distribution) and Norwegian regulations in addition to the given methods here. Developed by, based on own experience, EPD-guidelines and Norwegian regulations in addition to the given methods here. 4 5 An explanation of the environmental impact categories and potential effects is found in Appendix. Caracterisation factors are found at the homepage of University of Leiden: Here you can find the CML-IA database, which can be downloaded free of charge (Universiteit Leiden, 2010). Last update: April The global warming potential is based on a time horizon of 100 years. Gases have different lifetimes in the atmosphere, and hence models have been developed for different time horizons. A time horizon of 100 years is most commonly used. 4

7 1.3 GENERAL LIMITATIONS OF LCA MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT 6 SimaPro is developed and sold by Pré Consultants in the Netherlands. See also: 7 See explanation of the different environmental impact categories in appendix 8. 5

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9 2 GOAL, SYSTEM BOUNDARIES AND DATA 2.1 GOAL OF THE ANALYSIS 2.2 FUNCTIONAL UNIT The functional unit is 1 tonne product for cellulose, lignin and vanillin and 1 m 3 product for ethanol SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SYSTEM BOUNDARIES 8 9 The product is called Ethanol (99%), the actual ethanol content is 99,9%. The analysis is performed on a dry basis, meaning that the analysis is done per tonne dry matter (DM) of the products. For ethanol (as an example) this means that the environmental impacts are distributed only on the amount of ethanol in the product (water contents are 0,1% and 4%). 7

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11 Raw materials The factories at Borregaard Sarpsborg Products Ethanol 96% Ethanol 99% Production and transport of raw materials and energy carriers Cellulose Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin 2.4 DATASET AND CONDITIONS About the datasets 9

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13 2.4.2 Collection of specific data for raw materials and chemicals 11

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15 2.4.3 Modelling of the infrastructure at Borregaard 13

16 2.4.4 Choice of electricity model Transport to customer 14

17 Table 2 DM content in the Borregaard products Product Wet basis Content of Water content dry matter Dry basis Content of Water content dry matter Transport correction factor kg DM/kg product kg w ater/kg product kg DM/kg DM kg w ater/kg DM kg product/kg DM Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Table 3 Corrected transport distance and distribution on means of transportation Product Transport distance Corrected transport distance Distribution km km Ship Lorry Rail Cellulose % 40 % 5 % Ethanol (96%) % 5 % 85 % Ethanol (99%) % 5 % 85 % Lignin (liquid) % 15 % 5 % Lignin (powder) % 35 % 0 % Vanillin % 50 % 0 % 2.5 ALLOCATION 15

18 16

19 Table 4 Applied heat values and densities Heat value (LHV) Density Reference/comment Biological dry matter 6.8 GJ/fm3 0.4 tonnes/fm 3 SSB (2006) 17 GJ/tonnes - Calculated 4.7 MWh/tonnes - Calculated Ethanol 29.7 MJ/kg kg/l Wikipedia (2008a) 2.6 QUALITY CONTROL 17

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21 kg CO 2 -eqv. 3 RESULTS 3.1 GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) 1400 Global warming potential (GWP) 2007 and tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Transport of product to customer (100 km) Other internal processes at Borregaard + various Combustion of oil at Borregaard Combustion of waste at Borregaard Borregaard's own infrastructure Production and transport of timber, wood chips and chemicals Production and transport of energy carriers

22 1E3 kg C ellulose, inkl infrastruktur, fellesav fall og 100 1,16E3 1E3 kg C ellulose, inkl. infrastruktur og fellesav fall - 1,15E3 1,09E3 kg Cellulose frå Tørke/C ellulosefabr ikken v ed Drying machine 1,14E3 1,09E3 kg Bleika masse frå Bleikeriet/C ellulosef abrikken v ed Bleaching plant ,3E4 MJ Damp (totalt, Borregaard) Steam 1,07E3 kg Ubleika cellulose frå Kokeri på Borregaard Digester kg Natronlut NaO H frå blandetank på Borregaard 81 1,77E3 MJ Damp - Hafslund av fallsforbrennig på Borregaard 76,5 2,54E3 MJ Damp - Ø stfold Energi av fallsforbrennig på ,69E3 MJ Damp - A lv a forbrenning Biofuel plant 380 3,82E3 MJ Damp - Fy rhus Boiler house 574 kg Household waste (combustion and waste energy 430 kg A lv amix frå Inndampar/C ellulos efabrikken, 55,7 kg Waste oil combustion (incl energy from 86,1 kg Heav y fuel oil (production and combustion) 5,99E3 MJ Elektrisitet (totalt, Borregaard) kg Forbrenning av husholdningsav fall (alle fraksjonar). 238 kg A lkacell frå Bleikeriet/C ellulosef abrikken v ed 73,8 kg V anicell frå V anillinfabrikken, Borregaard 142 kg Heav y fuel oil, combustion (no resources) Combustion of oil 5,99E3 MJ Innkjøpt elektrisitet, Borregaard , ,62E3 MJ Electricity Nordel, 2008, low voltage, made for 257 6,62E3 MJ Electricity, low v oltage, production NO RDEL 2008, at Electricity production

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24 kg SO 2 -eqv. 3.2 ACIDIFICATION POTENTIAL Acidification potential 2007 and tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Transport of product to customer (100 km) Other internal processes at Borregaard + various Combustion of oil at Borregaard Combustion of waste at Borregaard Borregaard's own infrastructure Production and transport of timber, wood chips and chemicals Production and transport of energy carriers

25 1E3 kg C ellulose, inkl infrastruktur, fellesav fall og ,6 1E3 kg C ellulose, inkl. infrastruktur og fellesav fall - 10,6 1,09E3 kg Cellulose frå Tørke/C ellulosefabr ikken v ed Drying machine 10,5 1,09E3 kg Bleika masse frå Bleikeriet/C ellulosef abrikken v ed Bleaching plant 7,73 6,89 1,3E4 MJ Damp (totalt, Borregaard) Steam 1,07E3 kg Ubleika cellulose frå Kokeri på Borregaard Digester 4,08 2,54E3 MJ V armt v atn frå blandetank på Borregaard 0, MJ Damp frå SO 2-anlegget på Borregaard 0,588 2,54E3 MJ Damp - Ø stfold Energi av fallsforbrennig på 0,7 3,29 3,69E3 MJ Damp - A lv a forbrenning Biofuel plant 2,53 3,82E3 MJ Damp - Fy rhus Boiler house 115 kg SO 2 frå SO 2-anlegget på Borregaard 574 kg Household waste (combustion and waste energy 430 kg A lv amix frå Inndampar/C ellulos efabrikken, 55,7 kg Waste oil combustion (incl energy from 86,1 kg Heav y fuel oil (production and combustion) 5,99E3 MJ Elektrisitet (totalt, Borregaard) 1,95 1,19 2,24 1,09 2,17 0,722 57,1 kg S - sulphur, 1 tonne - Esso Norge, Slagen Sulphur 2, kg Forbrenning av husholdningsav fall (alle fraksjonar). 1, kg A lkacell frå Bleikeriet/C ellulosef abrikken v ed 1,6 73,8 kg V anicell frå V anillinfabrikken, Borregaard 0, kg Heav y fuel oil, combustion (no resources) Combustion of oil 2,77 0,722 5,99E3 MJ Innkjøpt elektrisitet, Borregaard 84 kg Secondary sulphur, at refinery /RER U 6,62E3 MJ Electricity Nordel, 2008, low voltage, made for 3,22 0,798 6,62E3 MJ Electricity, low v oltage, production NO RDEL 2008, at 0,798 23

26 3.15E7 s 1 Borregaard annual emissions (direct emissions, 2.89E5 3.15E7 s 1 Digester 3.15E7 s 1 Bleaching plant 3.15E7 s 1 Ethanol plant 3.15E7 s 1 Biological effluent plant 1.18E4 6.68E4 2.81E4 1.82E5 2.41E5 kg SO2 2.89E5 24

27 25

28 kg PO 4-3 -eqv. 3.3 EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL Eutrophication potential 2007 and tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Transport of product to customer (100 km) Other internal processes at Borregaard + various Combustion of oil at Borregaard Combustion of waste at Borregaard Borregaard's own infrastructure Production and transport of timber, wood chips and chemicals Production and transport of energy carriers

29 1E3 kg C ellulose, inkl infrastruktur, fellesav fall og 100 3,56 1E3 kg C ellulose, inkl. infrastruktur og fellesav fall - 3,55 1E3 kg Transport av cellulose 100 km (EPD) 0,014 1,09E3 kg Cellulose frå Tørke/C ellulosefabr ikken v ed Drying machine 3, tkm Transport, transoceanic freight ship/oce U 0,00359 Bleaching plant 1,09E3 kg Bleika masse frå Bleikeriet/C ellulosef abrikken v ed 3 1,3E4 MJ Damp (totalt, Steam Borregaard) 1,28 1,49E-9 p O peration, maintenance, port/rer/i U 0, ,07E3 kg Ubleika cellulose frå Kokeri på Borregaard Digester 0, kg Natronlut NaO H frå blandetank på Borregaard 0,218 2,54E3 MJ V armt v atn frå blandetank på Borregaard 0,307 2,54E3 MJ Damp - Ø stfold Energi av fallsforbrennig på 0,105 0,894 3,69E3 MJ Damp - A lv a forbrenning Biofuel plant 3,82E3 MJ Damp - Fy rhus 0, MJ Electricity, medium v oltage, production UC TE, at 0,193 1,71E3 MJ V armt v atn frå Etanolfabrikken på Borregaard 574 kg Household waste (combustion and waste energy 430 kg A lv amix frå Inndampar/C ellulos efabrikken, 5,99E3 MJ Elektrisitet (totalt, Borregaard) 448 MJ Electricity, high v oltage, production UC TE, at 0,272 0,18 0,813 0,341 0, kg A lkacell frå Bleikeriet/C ellulosef abrikken v ed 73,8 kg V anicell frå V anillinfabrikken, Borregaard 5,99E3 MJ Innkjøpt elektrisitet, Borregaard 457 MJ Electricity, production mix UCTE/UCTE U 0,62 0,218 0,341 0,214 6,62E3 MJ Electricity Nordel, 2008, low voltage, made for 0,377 6,62E3 MJ Electricity, low v oltage, production NO RDEL 2008, at 0,377 27

30 3.15E7 s 1 Borregaard annual emissions (direct emissions, no 9.04E5 3.15E7 s 3.15E7 s 3.15E7 s 3.15E7 s 3.15E7 s 3.15E7 s 3.15E7 s 1 Debarking 1 Digester 1 Bleaching plant 1 Ethanol plant 1 Lignin plant 1 Biological effluent 1 Biofuel plant (powder) plant 5.6E3 1.15E5 2.89E5 1.88E5 1.15E5 1.82E5 5.77E3 3.53E7 kg 2.69E4 kg 1.08E5 kg COD Phosphorous (P-tot) Nitrogen (N-tot) 7.76E5 8.22E4 4.52E4 28

31 kg C 2 H 4 -eqv. 3.4 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL (POCP) Photochemical ozone creation potential 2007 and tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Transport of product to customer (100 km) Other internal processes at Borregaard + various Combustion of oil at Borregaard Combustion of waste at Borregaard Borregaard's own infrastructure Production and transport of timber, wood chips and chemicals Production and transport of energy carriers

32 1E3 kg C ellulose, inkl infrastruktur, fellesav fall og 100 0,765 1E3 kg C ellulose, inkl. infrastruktur og fellesav fall - 0,754 1,09E3 kg Cellulose frå Tørke/C ellulosefab rikken v ed Drying machine 0,751 1,09E3 kg Bleika masse frå Bleikeriet/C ellulose fabrikken v ed Bleaching plant 0,543 0,508 1,3E4 MJ Damp (totalt, Borregaard) Steam 1,07E3 kg Ubleika cellulose frå Kokeri på Borregaard Digester 0,283 2,54E3 MJ Damp - Ø stfold Energi av fallsforbrennig 0,0658 0,217 3,69E3 MJ Damp - A lv a forbrenning Biofuel plant 3,82E3 MJ Damp - Fy rhus Boiler house 0,206 1,96 m3 Flis frå Renseriet på Borregaard 115 kg SO 2 frå SO 2-anlegget på Borregaard 574 kg Household waste (combustion and waste energy 430 kg A lv amix frå Inndampar/C ellulos efabrikken, 55,7 kg Waste oil combustion (incl energy from 86,1 kg Heav y fuel oil (production and combustion) 5,99E3 MJ Elektrisitet (totalt, Borregaard) 0,0628 0,0866 0,112 0,158 0,0565 0,179 0,0633 2,16 m3 Timber - V iken skog 57,1 kg S - sulphur, 1 tonne - Esso Norge, Slagen 574 kg Forbrenning av husholdningsav fall (alle fraksjonar). 238 kg A lkacell frå Bleikeriet/C ellulosef abrikken v ed 142 kg Heav y fuel oil, combustion (no resources) 86,1 kg Heav y fuel oil, at regional storage/rer S - Production/combustion ofoil 5,99E3 MJ Innkjøpt elektrisitet, Borregaard 0,0553 0,113 0,0857 0,112 0,143 0,0926 0, kg Secondary sulphur, at refinery /RER U 6,62E3 MJ Electricity Nordel, 2008, low voltage, made for 0,137 0,0699 6,62E3 MJ Electricity, low v oltage, production NO RDEL 2008, at 0,

33 3.15E7 s 1 Borregaard annual emissions (direct emissions, no combustion 1.16E4 3.15E7 s 1 Digester 3.15E7 s 1 Bleaching plant 3.15E7 s 1 Ethanol plant 3.15E7 s 1 Biological effluent plant E3 1.12E3 7.28E3 2.41E5 kg SO2 1.16E4 31

34 3.5 OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP) 32

35 kg CFC-11-eqv. 1.2E E-04 Ozone depletion potential 2007 and E E E E E tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Transport of product to customer (100 km) 1.4E E E E E E E E E E E E-06 Other internal processes at Borregaard + various 6.7E E E E E E E E E E E E-06 Combustion of oil at Borregaard 0.0E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 Combustion of waste at Borregaard 1.3E E E E E E E E E E E E-06 Borregaard's own infrastructure 2.7E E E E E E E E E E E E-07 Production and transport of timber, wood chips and chemicals 1.3E E E E E E E E E E E E-05 Production and transport of energy carriers 6.7E E E E E E E E E E E E-05 33

36 1E3 kg Cellulose, inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 9,28E-5 1E3 kg Cellulose, inkl. infrastruktur og fellesavfall - 9,13E-5 1E3 kg Transport av cellulose 100 km (EPD) 1,43E-6 1,09E3 kg Cellulose frå Tørke/Cellulosefabrik ken ved Borregaard Drying machine 9,11E tkm Transport, freight, rail/rer U 7,13E-7 1,09E3 kg Bleika masse frå Bleikeriet/Cellulosefa brikken ved Bleaching plant 6,32E-5 6,2E-5 1,3E4 MJ Damp (totalt, Borregaard) Steam 263 tkm Operation, freight train/rer U 5,14E-7 1,07E3 kg Ubleika cellulose frå Kokeri på Borregaard Digester 2,56E kg Natronlut NaOH frå blandetank på Borregaard 6,54E-6 1,91E4 MJ Fellesbelastningar (energiallokert) 6,02E-6 2,03E-5 3,69E3 MJ Damp - Alva forbrenning Biofuel plant 3,82E3 MJ Damp - Fyrhus Boiler house 4,62E-5 6,31 kg Diesel, at regional storage/rer U 2,88E-6 1,96 m3 Flis frå Renseriet på Borregaard 5,42E kg Alvamix frå Inndampar/Cellulose fabrikken, 2,03E-5 86,1 kg Heavy fuel oil (production and combustion) Production of oil 3,89E-5 5,99E3 MJ Elektrisitet (totalt, Borregaard) 2,82E-5 11,6 kg Diesel, at refinery/rer U 5,27E kg Alkacell frå Bleikeriet/Cellulosefa brikken ved 73,8 kg Vanicell frå Vanillinfabrikken, Borregaard 86,1 kg Heavy fuel oil, at regional storage/rer S - incl resources - 5,99E3 MJ Innkjøpt elektrisitet, Borregaard 1,31E-5 6,14E-6 3,89E-5 2,82E-5 6,62E3 MJ Nordel, Electricity 2008, low voltage, made for production 3,12E-5 34

37 3.6 CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND (CED) 35

38 MJ LHV Cumulative energy demand (CED ) 2007 and tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Energy from waste and other energy sources Renewable energy Nyclear power Fossil energy

39 Fossil energy Nuclear power Renewable energy Energy from waste and other energy sources Fossil energy Nuclear power Renewable energy Energy from waste and other energy sources Fossil energy Nuclear power Renewable energy Energy from waste and other energy sources Fossil energy Nuclear power Renewable energy Energy from waste and other energy sources Fossil energy Nuclear power Renewable energy Energy from waste and other energy sources Fossil energy Nuclear power Renewable energy Energy from waste and other energy sources MJ LHV Cumulative energy demand (CED) Borregaard's own infrastructure Transport of product to customer (100 km) Craddle-to-gate at Borregaard, excl. Borregaard's infrastructure tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin 37

40 1E3 kg Cellulose, inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 3,43E4 1E3 kg Cellulose, inkl. infrastruktur og fellesavfall - 3,42E4 1,09E3 kg Cellulose frå Tørke/Cellulosefabr ikken ved Drying machine 3,41E4 1,09E3 kg Bleika masse frå Bleikeriet/Cellulosef abrikken ved Bleaching plant 2,29E4 1,3E4 MJ Damp (totalt, Borregaard) Steam 2,48E4 1,07E3 kg Ubleika cellulose frå Kokeri på Borregaard Digester 8,4E3 1,91E4 MJ Fellesbelastningar (energiallokert) 2,45E3 1,77E3 MJ 2,54E3 MJ Damp - Hafslund Damp - Østfold avfallsforbrennig Energi Waste på Borregaard avfallsforbrennig 2,76E3 3,91E3 Incineration plants 3,69E3 MJ Damp - Alva forbrenning Biofuel 1,24E4 plant 3,82E3 MJ Damp - Fyrhus Boiler house 7,66E3 574 kg Household waste (combustion and waste energy 6,67E3 430 kg Alvamix combustion (ex resources - only 3,57E3 430 kg Alvamix frå Inndampar/Cellulos efabrikken, 7,48E3 86,1 kg Heavy fuel oil Combustion (production and combustion) 4,6E3 of oil 5,99E3 MJ Elektrisitet (totalt, Borregaard) 1,16E4 574 kg Forbrenning av husholdningsavfall (alle fraksjonar). 4,21E3 MJ Heat, at cogen 6400kWth, wood, allocation 238 kg Alkacell frå Bleikeriet/Cellulosef abrikken ved 86,1 kg Heavy fuel oil, at regional storage/rer S - 5,99E3 MJ Innkjøpt elektrisitet, Borregaard 6,43E3 4,21E3 4,73E3 4,6E3 1,16E4 6,62E3 MJ Nordel, 2008, low voltage, Electricity made for 1,28E4 production 6,62E3 MJ Electricity, low voltage, production NORDEL 2008, at 1,28E4 7,25E3 MJ Electricity, medium voltage, production NORDEL 2008, at 1,27E4 7,32E3 MJ Electricity, high voltage, production NordEl 2008, at 1,27E4 7,39E3 MJ STØ Electricity, NordEl, 2008, at power plant/s 1,27E4 4,2E3 MJ Electricity, hydropower, at Hydropower power plant/no S 4,49E3 1,55E3 MJ Electricity, nuclear, at power plant/de Nuclear S 5,01E3 power Figure 17 38

41 3.7 WASTE 39

42 kg Waste (solid and non-radioactive) tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Other waste Hazardous waste Waste to landfill Waste to energy recovery Waste to material recycling

43 Waste to material recycling Waste to energy recovery Waste to landfill Hazardous waste Other waste Waste to material recycling Waste to energy recovery Waste to landfill Hazardous waste Other waste Waste to material recycling Waste to energy recovery Waste to landfill Hazardous waste Other waste Waste to material recycling Waste to energy recovery Waste to landfill Hazardous waste Other waste Waste to material recycling Waste to energy recovery Waste to landfill Hazardous waste Other waste Waste to material recycling Waste to energy recovery Waste to landfill Hazardous waste Other waste kg waste Waste Solid and non-radioactive Transport of product to customer (100 km) Borregaard's own infrastructure Craddle-to-gate at Borregaard, excl. Borregaard's infrastructure tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin 41

44 1E3 kg Cellulose, inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 1,39E3 1E3 kg Cellulose, inkl. infrastruktur og fellesavfall - 1,37E3 1,09E3 kg Cellulose frå Tørke/Cellulosefa brikken ved Drying 1,34E3 machine 1,09E3 kg Bleika masse frå Bleikeriet/Cellulos efabrikken ved Bleaching plant 922 1,3E4 MJ Damp (totalt, Borregaard) Steam 974 1,07E3 kg Ubleika cellulose frå Kokeri på Borregaard kg Natronlut NaOH frå blandetank på Borregaard 97 2,54E3 MJ Varmt vatn frå blandetank på Borregaard 65,6 1,91E4 MJ Fellesbelastningar (energiallokert) 73,3 3,69E3 MJ Damp - Alva Biofuel forbrenning 288 plant 3,82E3 MJ Damp - Fyrhus Boiler house 776 1,96 m3 Flis frå Renseriet på Borregaard 115 kg SO2 frå SO2-anlegget på Borregaard 430 kg Alvamix frå Inndampar/Cellulo sefabrikken, 86,1 kg Heavy fuel oil (production and combustion) 5,99E3 MJ Elektrisitet (totalt, Borregaard) 70,1 68, ,1 kg S - sulphur, 1 tonne - Esso Norge, Slagen 89,2 238 kg Alkacell frå Bleikeriet/Cellulos efabrikken ved ,8 kg Vanicell frå Vanillinfabrikken, Borregaard 90,3 86,1 kg Heavy fuel oil, at regional storage/rer S - Production 698 of oil 294 5,99E3 MJ Innkjøpt elektrisitet, Borregaard 82,4 tkm Transport, lorry 20-28t, fleet average/ch U 6,62E3 MJ Electricity Nordel, 2008, low voltage, made for 23, ,63E-5 p Lorry 28t/RER/I U 0,946 6,62E3 MJ Electricity, low voltage, production 325 production 0,0154 kg Bitumen, at refinery/rer U 7,25E3 MJ Electricity, medium voltage, production 0, ,48 kg Crude oil, production NO, at long distance 7,32E3 MJ Electricity, high voltage, production NordEl 74, ,48 kg Crude oil, at production offshore/no U 7,39E3 MJ STØ Electricity, NordEl, 2008, at power plant/s 74, ,31 kg Diesel, at regional storage/rer U 51,8 382 MJ Electricity, natural gas, at power plant/nordel S Production 154 of natural gas 11,6 kg Diesel, at refinery/rer U 95,1 4,38 kg Crude oil, production GB, at long distance Production 107 of oil 4,38 kg Crude oil, at production offshore/gb U 107 5,12E-5 m Well for exploration and production, Well drilling

45 3.8 Other environmental impact categories 43

46 kg CO2-eqv. 4 SCENARIO ANALYSIS Scenario analysis of the effect of electricity mix Hydroelectricity vs Nordel-mix purchased at Borregaard Global warming potential (GWP) Nordel-mix (2010) Hydroelectricity (scenario) tonne 1 m3 1 m3 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin 44

47 Results with Nordel-mix = 100% 100% Scenario analysis of the effect of electricity mix Hydroelectricity vs Nordel-mix purchased at Borregaard Relative values 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% global warming (GWP100) acidification eutrophication photochemical oxidation ozone layer depletion (ODP) CED Waste 0% Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin 45

48 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 10 LCA = Life Cycle Assessment. See also: 11 International organisation for Standardisation; ISO 14044: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and guidelines ISO 14048: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Data documentation format 12 EPD = Environmental Product Declaration. Standardised (ISO 14025) method for presentation of LCA-results. See also: English). (in Norwegian) and (in 13 PCR = Product Category Rules. Common and harmonised calculation rules to ensure that similar procedures are used when creating EPDs. Groups of products usually differ in their inherent environmental performance requiring specific rules to the product group, so-called Product Category Rules (PCR) to be prepared. 46

49 Environmental impact category Global warming potential (GWP) Unit Cellulose 3) 1 tonne Ethanol 3) (96 %) 1 m 3 Ethanol 3) (99 %) 1 m 3 Lignin 3) (liquid) 1 tonne Lignin 3) (powder) 1 tonne kg CO 2 -eqv Vanillin 3) 1 tonne Acidification potential kg SO 2 -eqv Eutrophication potential kg PO 4-3 -eqv Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) Ozone depletion potential Cumulative energy demand (CED) kg C 2 H 4 -eqv kg CFC-11-eqv. 9.3E E E E E E-05 MJ LHV Waste 2) kg waste ) Transport to customer (100 km) is included. 2) Solid and non-radioactive. 3) On dry basis. For ethanol, this means that the burdens are not allocated the water content of the product. 47

50 Cumulative energy demand Global warming potential Waste Acidification potential Cellulose 1.00 Ethanol (96%) 0.50 Ethanol (99%) 0.00 Lignin (liquid) Eutrophication potential Lignin (powder) Vanillin Ozone depletion potential Photochemical ozone creation potential 48

51 Ozone depletion potential Photochemical ozone creation potential Eutrophication potential Acidification potential Global warming potential The life cycle phases' relative burden Production and transport of energy carriers Production and transport of timber, wood chips and chemicals Borregaard's own infrastructure Combustion of waste at Borregaard Combustion of oil at Borregaard Other internal processes at Borregaard + various Transport of product to customer (100 km) Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 49

52 50

53 51

54 6 REFERENCES 52

55 foundation website (2011): Borregaard s EPD s are found at: 53

56 54

57 APPENDIX 1: PROCESS MODEL, ENERGY- AND MASS BALANCE Microsoft Office Excel regnea Confidential file. Could be made available for EPD verification. Numbers marked with yellow are updated from 2007 to

58 Impact category Unit Vanillin, inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 km transport Cellulose, inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 km transport Etanol (96%), inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 km transport Etanol (99%), inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 km transport Lignin (flytande), inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 km transport Lignin (pulver), inkl infrastruktur, fellesavfall og 100 km transport APPENDIX 2 AGGREGATED RESULTS This appendix shows aggregated results for all the environmental impact categories that are included in the method of (Østfoldforskning Method LCA/EPD 2010 July v.3.02) SimaPro 7.2 Impact assessment Date: Project Borregaard klimaregnskap Title: Comparing processes Method: Indicator: Skip categories: Relative mode: Exclude infrastructure processes: Exclude long-term emissions: Never None No No Characterization global warming (GWP100) kg CO2 eq 1,09E+03 1,16E+03 3,24E+02 6,66E+02 6,66E+02 1,12E+03 kg CFC-11 ozone layer depletion (ODP) eq 8,93E-05 9,29E-05 2,63E-05 5,12E-05 4,90E-05 1,10E-04 photochemical oxidation kg C2H4 7,50E-01 7,65E-01 2,94E-01 4,91E-01 4,99E-01 7,84E-01 acidification kg SO2 eq 1,06E+01 1,06E+01 4,50E+00 7,17E+00 7,94E+00 1,08E+01 eutrophication kg PO4--- eq 3,13E+00 3,56E+00 2,17E+00 2,68E+00 3,04E+00 5,14E+00 Energy coal (no feedstock) MJ LHV 2,8E+03 2,1E+03 5,3E+02 9,4E+02 1,2E+03 2,1E+03 Energy oil (no feedstock) MJ LHV 5,9E+03 6,6E+03 2,1E+03 4,1E+03 3,3E+03 8,0E+03 Energy fossile gas (no feedst) MJ LHV 2,6E+03 2,2E+03 6,2E+02 1,1E+03 2,4E+03 2,5E+03 Energy peat (no feedstock) MJ LHV 3,2E+02 3,2E+02 7,7E+01 1,5E+02 2,1E+02 3,0E+02 56

59 Energy sulfur (no feedstock) MJ LHV 2,2E-02 6,7E-03 1,5E-03 2,9E-03 4,4E-03 2,3E-02 Energy nuclear (no feedstock) MJ LHV 6,3E+03 5,7E+03 1,4E+03 2,5E+03 3,6E+03 5,4E+03 Energy biomass (no feedstock) MJ LHV 3,1E+03 4,2E+03 1,1E+03 2,7E+03 1,5E+03 2,4E+03 Energy hydropower (pond) MJ LHV 4,6E+03 4,5E+03 1,1E+03 2,1E+03 3,0E+03 4,2E+03 Energy hp (river = tom) MJ LHV 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Energy wind MJ LHV 2,3E+02 2,2E+02 5,2E+01 9,7E+01 1,4E+02 2,0E+02 Energy solar MJ LHV 3,5E-01 1,9E-01 4,6E-02 7,7E-02 7,3E-02 2,0E-01 Energy geothermal MJ LHV 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Energy vawe (tom) MJ LHV 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Energy tide (tom) MJ LHV 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Energy waste/recovered (no fs) MJ LHV 6,3E+03 8,5E+03 2,2E+03 5,5E+03 3,0E+03 5,5E+03 Energy undefined MJ LHV 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Spent nuclear fuel (no fs) kg 1,1E-02 1,0E-02 2,4E-03 4,5E-03 6,4E-03 9,6E-03...of which uranium (no fs) kg 1,1E-02 1,0E-02 2,4E-03 4,5E-03 6,4E-03 9,6E-03 Waste to material recycling kg 1,7E+01 1,6E+01 1,3E+01 1,3E+01 1,6E+01 1,6E+01 Waste to energy recovery kg 1,6E+00 2,1E+00 7,8E-01 8,7E-01 1,4E+00 1,4E+00 Waste to incineration (no ER) kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Waste to landfill kg 1,3E+03 1,4E+03 3,9E+02 7,8E+02 6,8E+02 1,6E+03 Waste, electronics kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Waste, hazardous kg 2,4E-01 2,7E-01 1,8E-01 2,0E-01 2,3E-01 2,5E-01 Waste, slags/ashes kg 5,7E-01 8,1E-01 2,0E-01 4,2E-01 3,0E-01 9,0E-01 Waste, bulk kg 1,7E-01 2,5E-01 1,3E-01 1,8E-01 1,6E-01 2,0E-01 Waste, water kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Waste, radioact, LLW, conditio m3 2,4E-05 2,1E-05 5,2E-06 9,6E-06 1,4E-05 2,0E-05 Waste, radioact, HLW, conditio m3 4,8E-06 4,2E-06 1,0E-06 1,9E-06 2,6E-06 4,0E-06 CO2 emissions (fossile) kg 1,0E+03 1,1E+03 3,1E+02 6,4E+02 6,3E+02 1,1E+03 CH4 emissions kg 1,5E+00 1,3E+00 3,4E-01 6,2E-01 8,3E-01 1,4E+00 N2O emissions kg 6,5E-02 6,8E-02 1,8E-02 3,9E-02 3,2E-02 5,3E-02 NOx emissions kg 3,4E+00 3,9E+00 1,2E+00 2,4E+00 2,3E+00 3,3E+00 SOx emissions kg 7,4E+00 7,2E+00 3,2E+00 5,0E+00 5,6E+00 7,6E+00 VOC emissions kg 3,7E-01 4,1E-01 1,4E-01 2,5E-01 2,2E-01 4,3E-01 CO emissions kg 1,0E+00 1,0E+00 3,5E-01 6,1E-01 5,6E-01 9,3E-01 Dioxin emissions to air kg 7,6E-09 1,0E-08 2,6E-09 6,5E-09 3,6E-09 6,0E-09 PAH emissions to air kg 1,4E-04 1,5E-04 4,1E-05 8,6E-05 6,5E-05 1,1E-04 Cr, Cd, Hg and Pb to air kg 3,1E-03 2,8E-03 9,8E-04 1,5E-03 1,7E-03 2,6E-03 COD kg 6,6E+01 1,0E+02 7,0E+01 8,0E+01 9,0E+01 1,5E+02 N-tot kg 3,9E-01 2,0E-01 3,1E-01 3,4E-01 4,3E-01 6,6E-01 P-tot kg 3,4E-01 2,1E-01 1,1E-01 1,4E-01 1,8E-01 3,9E-01 Dioxin emissions to water kg 3,9E-08 5,3E-08 1,4E-08 3,4E-08 1,8E-08 3,0E-08 PAH emissions to water kg 4,3E-05 5,0E-05 1,5E-05 3,1E-05 2,3E-05 6,2E-05 VOC emissions to water kg 2,6E-03 3,0E-03 8,9E-04 1,8E-03 1,4E-03 3,7E-03 Cr, Cd, Hg and Pb to water kg 5,0E+00 2,1E+00 2,0E-01 4,8E-01 4,0E-01 1,4E+00 Water res.: turbine water kg 2,6E+06 1,9E+06 5,5E+05 9,0E+05 1,1E+06 2,0E+06 Water res.: river flow (tom) kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Water res.: cooling water kg 2,1E+04 1,4E+04 2,8E+03 5,3E+03 6,4E+03 1,9E+04 Water res.: process water kg 2,1E+05 1,2E+05 3,1E+04 4,6E+04 4,3E+04 1,2E+05 Water res.: other types kg 7,0E+03 5,6E+03 1,4E+03 2,6E+03 3,5E+03 5,7E+03 Water res.: unspecidfied kg 2,6E+03 1,5E+03 3,4E+02 6,1E+02 5,9E+02 2,1E+03 Land use m2 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All resources (-wa/air/energy) kg 1,1E+03 1,3E+03 8,4E+02 9,0E+02 1,1E+03 1,3E+03 All res.: coal feedstock kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 57

60 All res.: oil feedstock kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res: fossile gas feedstock kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: peat feedstock (tom) kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: sulfur feedstock kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: uranium fstock (tom) kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: biomass feedstock kg 4,9E+02 8,6E+02 6,8E+02 6,8E+02 8,7E+02 9,3E+02 All res.: recycled paper kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled other fiber kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled steel-iron kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled aluminium kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled copper kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled zinc (tom) kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled other metal kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled glass kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled plastics kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: recycled others kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: chrom kg 4,1E-01 3,6E-01 1,6E-01 1,9E-01 2,3E-01 3,3E-01 All res.: nickel kg 9,6E-01 7,4E-01 3,7E-01 4,3E-01 5,4E-01 7,5E-01 All res.: iron kg 8,4E+00 7,8E+00 2,9E+00 4,3E+00 5,0E+00 7,7E+00 All res.: aluminium kg 4,0E-01 3,2E-01 7,6E-02 1,2E-01 1,4E-01 7,0E-01 All res.: copper kg 1,1E+00 9,4E-01 2,2E-01 4,1E-01 5,8E-01 8,9E-01 All res.: zinc kg 8,2E-02 4,2E-02 8,5E-03 1,4E-02 1,4E-02 4,5E-02 All res.: silicone kg 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res.: manganese kg 2,8E-02 2,0E-02 7,0E-03 1,0E-02 1,1E-02 2,1E-02 All res.: magnesium kg 5,8E-06 3,1E-06 7,0E-07 1,2E-06 1,3E-06 3,4E-06 All res.: calcium/limestone kg 8,4E+01 9,3E+01 6,7E+01 7,8E+01 9,0E+01 1,2E+02 All res.: minerals, sand, rock kg 5,4E+02 3,4E+02 9,2E+01 1,4E+02 1,5E+02 2,9E+02 All res.: all others (-wa/air/energy) kg 9,6E-07 1,5E-06 7,2E-07 1,0E-06 9,4E-07 1,2E Borregaard, for PCR 2000:5--- 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res energy : coal feedstock MJ 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res energy : oil feedstock MJ 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res energy : fossile gas feedstock MJ 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res energy : peat feedstock (tom) MJ 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res energy : sulfur feedstock MJ 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res energy : uranium fstock (tom) MJ 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 All res energy : biomass feedstock MJ 7,4E+03 1,3E+04 1,0E+04 1,0E+04 1,3E+04 1,4E+04 58

61 APPENDIX 3: DATA FOR EMISSIONS AND WATER CONSUMPTION AT BORREGAARD Data supplied from Lena Ulvan and Tuva Barnholt, Borregaard. (in Norwegian) Utslipp fra Borregaard 2007 Årsverdiar basert på oversendte døgn- og timesverdiar frå Borregaard Fabrikk Utslipp til vann KOF BOF S-TS AOX Cu Toluen AUORG Hg Na-salter som Na Tot P Tot N SO2 prosess Utslipp til luft SO2 Støv NOX CO2 totalt Vannforbruk tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år kg/år kg/år tonn/år tonn/år kg/år tonn/år kg/år kg/år tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år Opsund/Renseriet , Kokeri ,6 9,6 0, Blekeri ,3 54,3 0, Etanol ,8 22,8 0, Lignin (tørr) ,9 0,9 14, Lignin (flytende) 19,3 1,2 4, ,0 0,9 0, Spraytørka (tørr) 41,8 2, ,0 42,9 38, Spraytørka (flytende) ,0 42,9 0, Vanillin , Farma , Kloralkali , , Biorenseanlegg, 30% til fellesbelastning ,4 44,4 0, Biorenseanlegg, 70% til bleikeriet ,6 103,6 0, Biokjel ,0 5,3 7, Barkkjel ,0 11,7 2, Fyrhus/oljekjeler ,0 297,0 18, Sum Fiber As, Cd, Cu Utslipp merket blått er fra forbrenning Biokjel - utslipp til luft og Cr Omrekningsfaktorar 365 døgn/år 24 timer/døgn HF mg/nm tonn cellulose/år HCl mg/nm3 Cd+Tl mg/nm3 30 % av biorenseanlegg skal belastast felles Hg mg/nm3 70 % av biorenseanlegg skal belastast bleikeriet Andre metaller mg/nm3 Dioksiner ng/nm3 TOC mg/nm3 CO mg/nm3 59

62 Utslipp fra Borregaard 2007 Fabrikk Utslipp til vann Utslipp til luft Vannforbruk Na-salter SO2 SO2 KOF BOF S-TS AOX Cu Toluen AUORG Hg Tot P Tot N Støv NOX CO2 som Na prosess totalt t/d t/d t/d kg/tad kg/d tonn/år t/d kg/år tonn/d kg/d kg/d kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h tonn/år tonn/år Opsund/Renseriet 0,2 0,04 0,2 0, Kokeri 16,6 5,5 0,6 2,1 12 1,1 1, Blekeri 33,2 4,3 2,3 0,6 4,8 37 6,2 6, Etanol 9,5 0,7 1,2 11 2,6 2, Lignin (tørr) 6,5 0,4 1,5 8,3 40 0,1 0,1 1, Lignin (flytende) 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 0 0, Spraytørka (tørr) 0,1 0,01 0,0 0 4,9 4, Spraytørka (flytende) 2,1 0,1 0,3 4 4, Vanillin 2,8 0, , Farma 2,3 0,1 0, Kloralkali 4,0 0, Biorenseanlegg 1,8 39, ,9 16, Biokjel 0,7 40 0,6 0, Barkkjel 1,3 0, Fyrhus/oljekjeler 33,9 2, Sum ,4 0, ,0 0, , Fiber kg/tonn As, Cd, Cu produsert og Cr Utslipp merket blått er fra forbrenning masse = cellulose Biokjel - utslipp til luft HF mg/nm3 0,026 HCl mg/nm3 0,01 Cd+Tl mg/nm3 0,0007 Hg mg/nm3 0,001 Andre metaller mg/nm3 0,004 Dioksiner ng/nm3 6E-05 TOC mg/nm3 2,8 CO mg/nm3 21,5 Utslepp frå Borregaard 2010 Årsverdiar basert på oversendte døgn- og timesverdiar frå Borregaard Utslipp til vann Utslipp til luft Vannforbruk Na-salter SO2 SO2 KOF BOF S-TS AOX Cu Toluen AUORG Hg Tot P Tot N #VERDI! som Na prosess totalt Støv NOX CO2 tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år kg/år kg/år tonn/år tonn/år kg/år tonn/år kg/år kg/år tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år Opsund/Renseriet ,596 Kokeri 4,928 2, , ,484,463 Blekeri 12,301 1,570 1, , ,752 13, ,090,230 Etanol 8, , ,165,146 Lignin (tørr) 3, ,589 14, ,003 3,548,852 Lignin (flytende) ,003 - Spraytørka (tørr) , ,791 Spraytørka (flytende) , ,393 - Vanillin , , ,647,591 Farma , ,958,793 Kloralkali - - 1, ,644,918 Biorenseanlegg, til fellesbelastning Biorenseanlegg, allokert til etanolfabrikk 4, ,235 64, ,568 Biokjel , , ,665 Barkkjel ,748 Fyrhus/oljekjeler , ,000 Sum 34,164 4,153 1, ,700 1, , ,673 26, , ,223 45,343,361 Utslipp merket blått er fra forbrenning Rosa verdiar er endra frå 2007 Fiber As, Cd, Cu og Cr Omrekningsfaktorar 365 døgn/år 24 timer/døgn 145,000 tonn cellulose/år KOF, S-TS og tot-n frå biorenseanlegget skal belastast 100% til etanolfabrikken Dette fordi det aerobe renseanlegget (trinn 2) er stengt, og det er berre etanol sine utslepp som går til renseanlegget som er i drift i dag (trinn 1). Det er da logisk at også P-tot frå biorenseanlegget blir belasta etanolfabrikken? 60

63 APPENDIX 4: MASSES AND TREATMENT OF WASTE FROM BORREGAARD 61

64 Ekstern behandling Anna (inkl. forbrenning utan energiutnytting) Materialgjenvinning internt Intern avfallsbehandling Opprinneleg Vareadresse Varetekst, %kg, kg, kr, ant kg, fakturert kg Adresse Materialgjenvinning Energiutnytting Deponi Farleg avfall Deponi internt rekkefølge kg/år kg/år kg/år kg/år kg/år 171 Barkforbrenning A rene masser - blandet 1% Bioforbrenning (bark) Barkforbrenning A gips 5% Bioforbrenning (bark) Barkforbrenning A aske fra fyringsanlegg, ren Bioforbrenning (bark) Bioforbrenning (bark) Cell 3 Blekeri A101 - avfall 71% Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Blekeri A grus 12% Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Blekeri B treverk - blandet 9% Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Blekeri P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 450 Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Blekeri R102 - blandet kontorpapir 2% Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Blekeri R302 - bølgepapp 5% Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken) Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken) Etanolfabrikken A101 - avfall 1% Etanolfabrikken Etanolfabrikken A grus 2% Etanolfabrikken Etanolfabrikken A gips 96% Etanolfabrikken Etanolfabrikken B treverk - blandet 1% Etanolfabrikken Etanolfabrikken P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 485 Etanolfabrikken Etanolfabrikken R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Etanolfabrikken Etanolfabrikken R302 - bølgepapp 0% Etanolfabrikken Etanolfabrikken Melløs Kontor A101 - avfall 0% Felles Hovedgården A101 - avfall 10% Felles Forskningsbygg SydA101 - avfall 26% Felles C-port A101 - avfall 3% Felles Sentralverksted A101 - avfall 37% Felles Stjernebygg A101 - avfall 45% Felles Helseavdelingen A101 - avfall 45% Felles Storkontrollrom A101 - avfall 46% Felles Melløs Lagerhus A101 - avfall 6% Felles Tappestasjon A101 - avfall 60% Felles Melløs Spiselokale A101 - avfall 65% Felles Bilavdelingen A101 - avfall 66% Felles Utleiegarderobe/AtA101 - avfall 66% Felles HMS-avdelingen A101 - avfall 69% Felles Kantina A101 - avfall 71% Felles B-port A101 - avfall 73% Felles Sentrallager A101 - avfall 8% Felles Kontor 5 A101 - avfall 81% Felles Vannverket A101 - avfall 82% Felles Poval A101 - avfall 88% Felles Forskningsbygg PiloA101 - avfall 91% Felles Melløs Kjemikai A101 - avfall 92% Felles Renseanlegget A101 - avfall 94% Felles Storkontrollrom A grus 26% Felles Sentralverksted A stein ren 5% Felles Sentralverksted A rene masser - blandet 23% Felles Melløs Kontor A rene masser - blandet 59% Felles C-port A gips 94% Felles Storkontrollrom B ren flis 4% Felles Bilavdelingen B treverk - blandet 100% Felles Poval B treverk - blandet 11% Felles Vannverket B treverk - blandet 17% Felles Sentralverksted B treverk - blandet 22% Felles Storkontrollrom B treverk - blandet 22% Felles Melløs Spiselokale B treverk - blandet 26% Felles Utleiegarderobe/AtB treverk - blandet 31% Felles Tappestasjon B treverk - blandet 38% Felles Melløs Kontor B treverk - blandet 40% Felles Spraytørka B treverk - blandet 53% Felles Hovedgården B treverk - blandet 76% Felles Sentrallager B treverk - blandet 78% Felles Forskningsbygg SydB treverk - blandet 8% Felles Melløs Kjemikai B treverk - blandet 8% Felles Melløs Lagerhus B treverk - blandet 92% Felles Bilavdelingen D010F - personbildekk på felg 0% 3 30 Felles B-port Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 2% 30 Felles Bilavdelingen P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 10 Felles Kontor 5 P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 10 Felles Forskningsbygg PiloP Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 10 Felles Storkontrollrom P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 103 Felles Sentralverksted P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 197 Felles Stjernebygg P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 60 Felles Tappestasjon P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 127 Felles Kantina P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 132 Felles Forskningsbygg SydP Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 326 Felles HMS-avdelingen P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 45 Felles Melløs Lagerhus P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 740 Felles C-port P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 230 Felles Sentrallager P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 233 Felles Renseanlegget P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 208 Felles Forskningsbygg SydP Flasker/kanner/brett (blan 150 Felles Bilavdelingen R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Felles Vannverket R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Felles Melløs Kontor R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Felles Kantina R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Felles Storkontrollrom R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Felles Utleiegarderobe/Attf R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Felles Tappestasjon R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Felles C-port R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Felles Renseanlegget R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Felles Kontor 5 R102 - blandet kontorpapir 12% Felles Forskningsbygg SydR102 - blandet kontorpapir 12% Felles Hovedgården R102 - blandet kontorpapir 13% Felles HMS-avdelingen R102 - blandet kontorpapir 15% Felles Forskningsbygg PiloR102 - blandet kontorpapir 2% Felles 210 Energiutnytting internt 62

65 B-port R102 - blandet kontorpapir 24% Felles Stjernebygg R102 - blandet kontorpapir 36% Felles Sentralverksted R102 - blandet kontorpapir 4% Felles Helseavdelingen R102 - blandet kontorpapir 52% Felles Melløs Spiselokale R102 - blandet kontorpapir 7% Felles Sentrallager R102 - blandet kontorpapir 8% Felles Stjernebygg R102M - sams kontorpapir 9% Felles C-port R302 - bølgepapp 0% Felles Bilavdelingen R302 - bølgepapp 0% Felles Melløs Kontor R302 - bølgepapp 0% Felles Hovedgården R302 - bølgepapp 0% Felles Melløs Lagerhus R302 - bølgepapp 1% Felles B-port R302 - bølgepapp 1% Felles Tappestasjon R302 - bølgepapp 1% Felles Poval R302 - bølgepapp 1% Felles Storkontrollrom R302 - bølgepapp 1% Felles Sentralverksted R302 - bølgepapp 10% Felles IT-avdelingen R302 - bølgepapp 100% Felles Kantina R302 - bølgepapp 11% Felles HMS-avdelingen R302 - bølgepapp 15% Felles Melløs Spiselokale R302 - bølgepapp 2% Felles Renseanlegget R302 - bølgepapp 3% Felles Sentrallager R302 - bølgepapp 3% Felles Utleiegarderobe/Attf R302 - bølgepapp 3% Felles Helseavdelingen R302 - bølgepapp 3% Felles Forskningsbygg PiloR302 - bølgepapp 6% Felles Kontor 5 R302 - bølgepapp 7% Felles Forskningsbygg SydR302 - bølgepapp 8% Felles Stjernebygg R302 - bølgepapp 9% Felles Bilavdelingen S7011A ref.olje, flytende - sm 625 Felles Bilavdelingen S7011B ref.olje, flytende - fa Felles Miljøstasjon S7012A ikke ref.olje, flytend 159 Felles Miljøstasjon S7012B ikke ref.olje, flytend Felles Forskningsbygg SydS7012B ikke ref.olje, flytend Felles Bilavdelingen S7012B ikke ref.olje, flytend Felles Bilavdelingen S7012C ikke ref.olje, flytend Felles Bilavdelingen S7021B olje-/fettavf., fast - f 131 Felles Bilavdelingen S7022A oljeforur.masse, fast 662 Felles Forskningsbygg SydS7022B oljeforur.masse, fast 700 Felles Miljøstasjon S7022B oljeforur.masse, fast Felles Bilavdelingen S7022B oljeforur.masse, fast Felles Bilavdelingen S7022C oljeforur.masse, fast 399 Felles Bilavdelingen S7023D bl.drivstoff - småkol 27 Felles Bilavdelingen S7024B oljefilter - fat 0% Felles Bilavdelingen S7041A org.løsem m/haloge 456 Felles Miljøstasjon S7041A org.løsem m/haloge 198 Felles Bilavdelingen S7042A org.løsem u/halogen 394 Felles Miljøstasjon S7042A org.løsem u/halogen 202 Felles Bilavdelingen S7042B org.løsem u/halogen 617 Felles Bilavdelingen S7042C org.løsem u/halogen 722 Felles Bilavdelingen S7042L frostvæske - fat 0% Felles Bilavdelingen S7051A maling, småkolli 0% 211 Felles Miljøstasjon S7051A maling, småkolli 1% 51 Felles Miljøstasjon S7055A spraybokser - småko 3 Felles Bilavdelingen S7055A spraybokser - småko 54 Felles Bilavdelingen S7081J KOF-avfall 0% Felles Bilavdelingen S7091A uorganiske salter, fa Felles Miljøstasjon S7091A uorganiske salter, fa Felles Bilavdelingen S7092B blybatterier, >200kg 796 Felles Miljøstasjon S7092B blybatterier, >200kg 891 Felles Bilavdelingen S7093A småbatterier - småk 77 Felles Miljøstasjon S7133A rengj.midl., fast - sm 258 Felles Forskningsbygg SydS7152A org.avf, fast - småko 358 Felles Bilavdelingen S7152C org.avf, fast - IBC 2% Felles Bilavdelingen S7152J lab.kjemikalier, usort 477 Felles Forskningsbygg SydS7152J lab.kjemikalier, usort 570 Felles Miljøstasjon S7152J lab.kjemikalier, usort 305 Felles Kantina V150K - matavfall 17% Felles Bilavdelingen X Rull m 10 stk plastsekker - 3 Felles Felles Fyrhus A101 - avfall 88% Fyrhus Fyrhus B treverk - blandet 8% Fyrhus Fyrhus R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Fyrhus Fyrhus R302 - bølgepapp 3% Fyrhus Fyrhus Pharma Lager A101 - avfall 31% Ikkje med Kraftstasjon A101 - avfall 37% Ikkje med BFC A101 - avfall 53% Ikkje med BFC A101 - avfall 83% Ikkje med BFC 07 A101 - avfall 84% Ikkje med BFC A aske fra fyringsanlegg, ren Ikkje med BFC B treverk - blandet 23% Ikkje med Kraftstasjon B treverk - blandet 49% Ikkje med Pharma Lager B treverk - blandet 50% Ikkje med BFC P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 15 Ikkje med BFC 07 P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 30 Ikkje med BFC P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 640 Ikkje med Kraftstasjon P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 97 Ikkje med Pharma Lager P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 827 Ikkje med BFC R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Ikkje med BFC R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Ikkje med Pharma Lager R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Ikkje med Kraftstasjon R102 - blandet kontorpapir 5% Ikkje med BFC 07 R102 - blandet kontorpapir 6% Ikkje med BFC R102M - sams kontorpapir 1% Ikkje med BFC R302 - bølgepapp 15% Ikkje med Pharma Lager R302 - bølgepapp 5% Ikkje med BFC R302 - bølgepapp 7% Ikkje med Kraftstasjon R302 - bølgepapp 9% Ikkje med

66 BFC 07 R302 - bølgepapp 9% Ikkje med BFC S7135E basisk org.avf., flyten Ikkje med BFC S7152A org.avf, fast - småko 314 Ikkje med BFC S7152J lab.kjemikalier, usort 72 Ikkje med Ikkje med Klorfabrikken A101 - avfall 67% Kloralkalifabrikken Klorfabrikken B treverk - blandet 23% Kloralkalifabrikken Klorfabrikken P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 417 Kloralkalifabrikken Klorfabrikken R102 - blandet kontorpapir 2% Kloralkalifabrikken Klorfabrikken R302 - bølgepapp 6% Kloralkalifabrikken Kloralkalifabrikken Syrehus A101 - avfall 1% Kokeriet Kokeriet A101 - avfall 40% Kokeriet Kokeriet A grus 14% Kokeriet Syrehus A grus 91% Kokeriet Kokeriet A stein ren 6% Kokeriet Syrehus A stein ren 6% Kokeriet Syrehus A rene masser - blandet 0% Kokeriet Kokeriet A rene masser - blandet 5% Kokeriet Syrehus A gips 2% Kokeriet Kokeriet A støvavfall 8% Kokeriet Kokeriet B ren flis 14% Kokeriet Syrehus B treverk - blandet 0% Kokeriet Kokeriet B treverk - blandet 12% Kokeriet Kokeriet P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 217 Kokeriet Kokeriet R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Kokeriet Syrehus R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Kokeriet Syrehus R302 - bølgepapp 0% Kokeriet Kokeriet R302 - bølgepapp 1% Kokeriet Kokeriet Spraytørka A101 - avfall 39% Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Spraytørka P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Spraytørka R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Spraytørka R302 - bølgepapp 3% Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Ligningfabrikken A101 - avfall 72% Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Ligningfabrikken B treverk - blandet 12% Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Ligningfabrikken P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Ligningfabrikken R102 - blandet kontorpapir 5% Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Ligningfabrikken R302 - bølgepapp 4% Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande) Fordeler etter produsert 43 % Prodmengde Ligninfabrikken (pulver) tonn/år mengde 57 % Prodmengde Ligninfabrikken (flytande) tonn/år Opsund Målekonto A101 - avfall 58% Renseriet Opsund Verksted A101 - avfall 81% Renseriet Opsundrenseriet A101 - avfall 89% Renseriet Opsundrenseriet P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 10 Renseriet Opsund Målekonto P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 10 Renseriet Opsund Verksted P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 30 Renseriet Opsundrenseriet R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Renseriet Opsund Målekonto R102 - blandet kontorpapir 30% Renseriet Opsund Verksted R102 - blandet kontorpapir 8% Renseriet Opsundrenseriet R302 - bølgepapp 10% Renseriet Opsund Målekonto R302 - bølgepapp 11% Renseriet Opsund Verksted R302 - bølgepapp 9% Renseriet Renseriet Cell Tørkemaskin A101 - avfall 19% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Lager A101 - avfall 56% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell Tørkemaskin A gips 6% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell Tørkemaskin B treverk - blandet 10% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Lager B treverk - blandet 40% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell Tørkemaskin P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 702 Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Lager P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e 323 Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Lager R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell Tørkemaskin R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell Tørkemaskin R107 - cellulose 52% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell 3 Lager R302 - bølgepapp 1% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Cell Tørkemaskin R302 - bølgepapp 12% Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken) Vanillin Bunn A101 - avfall 45% Vanillinfabrikken Vanillin Topp A101 - avfall 60% Vanillinfabrikken Vanillin Bunn B treverk - blandet 100% Vanillinfabrikken Vanillin Topp P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e Vanillinfabrikken Vanillin Bunn P Grp. B folie farget > 10% e Vanillinfabrikken Vanillin Topp R102 - blandet kontorpapir 6% Vanillinfabrikken Vanillin Topp R302 - bølgepapp 16% Vanillinfabrikken Vanillin Bunn R302 - bølgepapp 47% Vanillinfabrikken Vanillin Topp Topp X Rull m 10 stk plastsek 2 Vanillinfabrikken Vanillinfabrikken Sum totalt Sum i Veoilia-rapport Avvik 0,0005 % Sum ekstern behandling % Ikkje tatt med pga Pharma, BFC, kraftstasjon Med i analysen, til ekstern behandling % 64

67 APPENDIX 5: DETAILED EPD CALCULATIONS 65

68 Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens kg CO2-eqv Global warming potential Cellulose (1 tonne) Ethanol (96%) (1 tonne) Ethanol (99%) (1 tonne) Lignin (liquid) (1 tonne) Lignin (powder) (1 tonne) Vanillin (1 tonne) 66

69 Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture. Including waste combustion burdens Including infrastrukture. Without waste combustion burdens Without infrastrukture and waste combustion burdens Cellulose (1 tonne) 2010 Ethanol (96%) (1 tonne) 2010 Ethanol (99%) (1 tonne) 2010 Lignin (liquid) (1 tonne) 2010 Lignin (powder) (1 tonne) 2010 Vanillin (1 tonne) 2010 Impact category Unit Global warming potential (GWP) kg CO2-eqv Acidification potential kg SO2-eqv Eutrophication potential kg PO4-3-eqv Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) kg C2H4-eqv Ozone depletion potential (ODP) kg CFC-11-eqv. 9.1E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-05 Cumulative energy demand (CED) MJ LHV kg waste, solid and nonradioactive Waste Cellulose Ethanol (96%) Ethanol (99%) Lignin (liquid) Lignin (powder) Vanillin 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne Unit GWP (total) in EPD kg CO2-eqv GWP from raw material in EPD kg CO2-eqv GWP from specific raw material data in EPD kg CO2-eqv Raw materials contribution to GWP in EPD % 22% 22% 14% 19% 20% 32% Specific raw material data in % of raw material data % 67% 86% 83% 86% 51% 27% Specific raw material data contribution to GWP in EPD % 15% 19% 12% 17% 10% 9% Generic raw material data contribution to GWP in EPD % 7% 3% 2% 3% 10% 23% 67

70 68

71 APPENDIX 6: HOW TO READ THE LCA NETWORK FIGURE The total global warming potential for producing 1 kg mineral wool is 1,59 kg CO 2 -eqv. The raw material contribution is 0,6639 kg CO 2 -eqv. (see below). The rest is due to emissions in the production process itself. The width of the arrows illustrate the environmental burden connected to each process/material. The raw materials for producing mineral wool are: coal cokes, electricity, phenol and cement. The global warming potential connected to the raw material input for mineral wool are: 0, , , ,315 = 0,6639 kg CO 2 -eqv. Amount of coal (from underground mine) The global warming potential connected to this amount of coal (CO 2 -eqv. ) 69

72 APPENDIX 7: LCA WHAT, WHY AND HOW? 70

73

74 72

75 73

76 74

77 75