Miljøgiftkonferansen 2012

Transkript

1 Miljøgiftkonferansen 2012 Hva er de viktigste kunnskapsbehovene? Lars-Otto Reiersen AMAP Secretariat, Oslo, Norway. 1

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3 AMAP s geographical coverage 3

4 Permanent Participants (6 Arctic Indigenous Orgs): Aleut International Association Arctic Athabaskan Council Gwich'in Council International Inuit Circumpolar Council Saami Council Russian Arctic Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON)

5 AMAP POPs monitoring AMAP air, - other media, - humans. Trends in biota Optional under UNEP/GMP. 5

6 Monitoring POPs in air under the UN/ECE EMEP programme Evaluating specific episodes: PCBs at Ny-Ålesund View from the station on a clear day And during the 2nd episode in May, 2006 Eckhardt et al Atmos Chem Phys 7:

7 Monitoring POPs in air under the UN/ECE EMEP programme Evaluating specific episodes, e.g. PCBs at Ny-Ålesund Eckhardt et al Atmos Chem Phys 7:

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9 Legacy POPs Time trends in air Decreasing trends in the Arctic during1970s PCB, DDT trends at Alert (Canada) and Zeppelin (Svalbard) show strong declines. Indications of slight increasing trends for HCB and PCB in recent years, might be an impacts of climate change on pathways and recycling. 9

10 Levels of PCBs and HCHs in Polar Bears 10

11 Effects of POPs on Reproduction of Polar Bears 11

12 Time trends of Legacy POPs in humans Adoption of SC Limited data on temporal trends Different reasons for decreases: Changes in diet (traditional to store-bought foods) Health advice to critical groups Lower levels of contaminations Need to understand reasons

13 Exposure via dietary intake 13

14 Biomarker reaction in polutations AMAP

15 A decade trend in prevalence of diseases potentially associated with the PCB exposure in a cohort of Chukotka Классы болезней, потенциально связанные с воздействием СТВ Заболев ваемость на 1000 человек Новообразования Осложнения беременности и родов Болезни эндокринной системы Врожденные аномалии

16 New Concerns AMAP

17 Biomagnification of PFOS in Arctic food chains Polar bear AMAP 2009

18 The New Newones: Current used Pesticides Observations made in the Arctic Chloropyrifos Alaska & East Canada; fog, snow, water, Dacthal Alaska & Arctic Canadian; air, water, fish, seals, Diazinon Arctic Canada lakes, Dicofol Arctic Canada air, Methoxychlor Alaska, Russia, Greenland, rivers, fish, & Svalbard; seabirds, Trifluralin ua Several e sites, Svalbard air, sediment, e fish, Chlorthalonil Arctic Canada, air, lakes, AMAP

19 Time Trends, Mercury and Selenium in Hair from Humans and Seals in Greenland AMAP

20 Global emissions of mercury

21 Mercury trends Of the 83 recent time series (past few decades; >6 years of data) 13 (16%) significant ifi tincreasingi 4 (5%) significant downward 21 (25%) significant non linear 45 (54%) no significant trend Braune et al. in press & AMAP 2011 EXPLANATION mixed pollution and climate signals

22 Climate, UV/Ozone, Mercury 22

23 Historic Hg time-series in Arctic wildlife and humans t ion of present His storic proporti Beluga teeth Gyrfalcon feather Human teeth Perigrine falcon feather Polar bear hair Ringed seal teeth Man-made contribution ca. 94% 20 Baseline ca. 6% Year Dietz et al. 2009

24 Declining mercury threshold 100 severe retardation (newborns, Iraq,NOEL) [1&2] dl delayed ddevelopment (2 yr olds,iraq) [4] level associated with harmful effect regulatory standard (maximum safe exposure or high end exposure from allowed fish contamination) NTAKE /day Hg) DAILY IN micrograms/kg/ (m delayed walking - (2 yr olds,iraq) [3] FDA abnormal reflexes (2 yr old boys,quebec) [6] developmental delays (4 yr olds, New Zealand) [7] delayed walking (2 yr olds,iraq) [5] decreased IQ (7 yr olds, New Zealand) d)[9] delayed walking (2 yr olds, Iraq) [8] ATSDR decreased activity (2 yr old males, Seychelles I.)[10] ATSDR EPA decreased attention, memory, learning (7 yr olds, Faroe I.) [11] increased blood pressure (Faroe I.) [12] YEAR The Faroese Hospital System 2000 Department of (IHW.A.05.a.c) Occupational and Public Health

25 Latitude-month dependence of temperature anomalies, AMAP 2011 (SWIPA)

26 Climate change may affect primary emissions of POPs to air by changing their rate of mobilization from materials or stockpiles, or by altering use patterns. secondary emissions of POPs to air by shifting the partitioning of POPs between ee air and soil, and between air and water. releases from environmental reservoirs such as soil, water and ice will increase

27 Effect of climate change on releases of storred POPs in the North -Tawing of permafrost; -Melting of mountain glaciers and ice caps; -Melting of Greenland Ice Sheet (> 300 g tonn pr y); -Flooding; -Forest fires -Photo: Business week aug

28 Effect of Climate Change on food web Lack of understanding of climate change effects on food web structures and dynamics means that it is not currently possible to make reliable predictions of the extent of impacts Climate change and variability, will affect biodiversity and ecosystem composition, function and vulnerability. 28

29 Climate change can alter the toxicity and toxico-kinetics of POPs Climate change will also alter salinity, ocean acidification, eutrophication, water oxygen levels, and the nutritional status of species and their adaptability; These changes, either alone or in combination, could enhance the toxic effects of POPs on wildlife, increase disease risks, and increase species vulnerability 29

30 Climate change may - increase exposure to POPs, - risks related to their harmful effects and. Socio-economic factors such as education and general health status can also contribute to human vulnerability to POPs. Vector-borne disease are expected to increase associated with climate change, e.g. malaria, may lead to enhanced demand for DDT.

31 Yearly mean deposition of total mercury (left) and (middle) the percentage difference (right). AMAP

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33 Disciplines involved in combined effects studies Cellular models of effects Genetic susceptibility Socio-economic conditions Combined effect assessment Biomarkers of effect Health outcome Environmental monitoring Lifestyle e determinants ts Biological monitoring

34 Kunnskapsbehov - Effekter av blandinger av flere miljøgifter; -Lantidseksponering til lave konsentrasjoner - fra unnfangelse til neste generasjon; Dietz et al. 2008

35 Kunnskapsbehov - Sammenheng mellom eksponering - mat, vann & luft og effekter på dyr og mennesker; - Giftighet av metabolitter og nedbrytningsprodukter; Dietz et al. 2008

36 1. Breakdown of the Chemicals in commerce USA Industrial Industrial ~82,000 Food additives ~ 3000 Cosmetics & additives ~6000 Pharmaceuticals ~1000 Pesticides ~ Industrial Chemicals in commerce US TSCA inventory Polymers (~35,000) Low volume <4.5 t/yr or not produced Medium volume t/yr HPV >454 t/yr (~2800 substances) 36

37 to air water fliers 2 multiple hoppers swimmers 1 single hoppers 0 log K AW chlorobenzenes PCBs toxaphenes -2 CHL HCHs α-endo DDE -3 TCDD DDT log K OA plants & soils to air (Wania ES&T 2003; 2006) -1 PCBs CBz HCHs toxaphene TCDDs DDTs α-endosulfan chlordanes 37

38 log K AW - water to air 3 3 Cyclic siloxanes Polyfluoro alcohols PBDE/HxBCD 2 Bromo-benzenes/cyclohexanes 2 Cyclic siloxanes 1 Polyfluoro alcohols C C 17 chlorinated paraffins 8:2 FTOH NEtFOSE Haloalkyl phosphates 0 NEtFOSA NMeFOSE Triaryl phosphates Classic Arctic POPs -2 Br-benz/cyclohex -3 Haloalkyl -3 phosphates h PeBDE HxBCD TeBDE -4-4 Triaryl Chlorinated paraffins Anionics -5 phosphates PFOS, -5 3 PFCAs log K OA plants & soils to air Wania 2003;2006-1

39 Hvordan kan vi best generere den kunnskapen vi trenger? - Kreve resultater fra relevante tester ((TBT)) for: - langtidseksponering, bioakkumulering, nedbrytning, - blandinger med andre kjente miljøgifter; - analysemetoder for å påvise åi nye produkter; Dietz et al. 2006; in review

40 Hvordan kan vi ibest generere den kunnskapen vi trenger? - Fortsett å overvåke ytre miljø og mennesker; - Gjennnomfør Screenings studier - påvise nye produkt; - Nye laboratorietester av gamle og nye produkter; Dietz et al. 2006; in review

41 Når har vi forsket nok på en miljøgift? A never ending storry... PCB har vært i bruk siden 1930, men - vil være i miljøet i lang tid pga utlekking fra kilder. - ny kunnskap om effekter ved lave doser og over tid. - blanding med nye stoffer. Dietz et al. 2006; in review

42 Hvordan kan forskere bli bedre til å formidle kunnskap til forvaltning og evt. andre brukere? - frie forskerne må få bedre kreditt på CVn for formidling til publikum; - x % av forsknings- budsjettet må settes av til formidling; 42

43 Hvordan kan forskere bli bedre til å formidle kunnskap til forvaltning og evt. andre brukere? - forskere ansatt i forvaltningsinstitutt kan ha formidling som en oppgave, men - politiske restriksjoner kan redusere muligheten til å publisere f.eks.. 43

44 Hvordan kan forskere bli bedre til å formidle kunnskap til forvaltning og evt. andre brukere? Det er ikke alle forskerne som kan formidle! så Engasjer : - profesjonelle science ce writers! - film produsenter 44

45 The future of the Actic and global environment is dependent on global action founded d on sounded d science.

46 AMAP - Significant Impact on Science to Policy Integration: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change - COP 15, 16 & 17 IPCC (AR# 5) UNEP Global Mercury Negotiations ( ) UNEP Stockholm Convention on POPs REACH???

47 From Production to Action - a long story Substance to Market 2-5 y Substance to Problem 5-10 y Market to Problem y Problem to Regulation y Regulation to Effect 5-10 y Ramon Guardans

48 Negotiation on Climate change and Mercury not easy Replacement of fossile fuel may reduce CO2, mercury, gases and particles; UNFCC or UNEP/Mercury 48

49 Acknowledgement Cynthia de Wit, Roland Kallenborn, Katrine Borgå, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Jon Øyvind Odland, Simon Wilson, Janet Pawlak, Christine Daae Olseng, m.fl.. 49

50 Arctic the barometer of the globe 50