The structure of the questionnaire in VTT study

Transkript

1 Appendix I The structure of the questionnaire in VTT study The structure of the questionnaire in the Value of time study, the first wave is as follows: 1. Introductory questionnaire 2. Stated choice experiments 3. Final questionnaire (Final questionnaire.doc) The value of time study will cover the following modes: I. Long distance travel (longer than 100 kilometres one-way): Car, Rail, Air, Bus, II. Short distance travel (shorter than 100 kilometres one-way): Car, Public Transport, III. Walk and Cycle as main mode of transport (not as access or egress modes) IV. Ferry/Boat Each respondent in the VTT study gets a maximum of 3 choice experiments. The stated choice experiments are designed to get data on the preferences of the respondents in order to estimate their valuations of the different time components of their trips. The long distance study will focus on the valuation of: i. In vehicle time ii. Reliability of travel time iii. Congestion (for car only) iv. General comfort differences between modes The short distance study will focus on the valuation of: i. In vehicle time ii. Reliability of travel time iii. Congestion (for car only) iv. Seat availability (public transport v. General comfort differences between modes The Walk/ Cycle study will focus on the valuation of 53

2 i. Walk/Cycle time ii. Number of stops at intersections iii. Provision of Cycle path iv. provision of separate Walk and Cycle path v. Level of maintenance of Walk and Cycle paths The following diagrams illustrate the structure of the questionnaire. The experiments and their designs are documented in Appendix II and III 54

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5 Appendix II Choice experiments in VTT study This document provides an overview of the design of the choice experiments, attributes, level of attributes and the order in which attributes and the choice pairs are presented in the Value of Travel Time (VTT) study. The place of the choice experiments is marked on the relevant questionnaires for long distance travel (over 100 kilometres), short distance travel (under 100 kilometres) and walk/cycle travel. The walk/cycle study only covers walk and cycle as the main mode of travel rather than access/egress mode. The experiments in the VTT study will have 2 or 3 attributes. 1. Design of choice experiment, within mode study, 2 attributes: CE type A CE type A is a within mode experiment. Such an experiment has only 2 attributes: time and cost. The respondents get 9 sets of choice pairs followed by a contingent valuation (CV) question, similar to a transfer price. The design follows a procedure similar to design adopted in the ongoing Swedish VTT Study. The following is the description of the design: 1. Draw 2 random values from each of the intervals 10 15, 15 20, 20 25, and Apply these values as percentage to the travel time of the reference trip. The procedure produces 8 t. 2. Draw 2 random values of travel time saving (VTTS) from each of the intervals presented in Table 1 (in NOK/hour). Note that the intervals depend on the mode of transport and are different for long distance and short distance modes. This procedure produces 8 VTTS. 3. Combine randomly the 8 t and the 8 VTTS. This produces results in 8 c by following Equation 1. c = t (VTTS/60) Eq(1) 4. Match randomly the 8 t and the 8 c. This will produce 8 combinations of t and c 5. Generate 2 willingness to pay (WTP) choice pairs by randomly taking two pairs t and c among the 8 pairs of t and c: Right side: t = t ref - t, c = c ref + c Left side: t = t ref, c = c ref The order of left and right sides will be kept for each respondent but varied among respondents. 57

6 6. Generate 2 willingness to accept (WTA) choice pairs by randomly taking two pairs t and c among of the remaining 6 pairs of t and c: Right side: t = t ref + t, c = c ref - c Left side : t = t ref, c = c ref The order of left and right sides will be kept for each respondent but varied among respondents. 7. Generate 2 equivalent gain (EG) choice pairs by randomly taking two pairs t and c among of the remaining 4 pairs of t and c Left side: t = t ref, c = c ref - c Right side: t = t ref - t, c = c ref 8. Generate 2 equivalent loss (EL) choice pairs with the last two pairs of t and c.: Left side: t = t ref, c = c ref + c Right side: t = t ref + t, c = c ref 9. Generate 2 off-reference (OR) choice pairs. In an OR choice pair the alternatives do not have time or cost of the reference trip. One OR choice pair is generated by randomly selecting one of the EL choice pairs. Increase the time and cost of the reference trip by 20%. In this case the resulting OR choice pairs is Left side: t = 1.2*t ref, c = 1.2*c ref + c Right side: t = 1.2*t ref + t, c = 1.2*c ref Generate a second OR choice pair by randomly selecting one of the EG choice pairs. Decrease the time and cost of the reference trip by 20%. Left side: t = 0.8*t ref, c = 0.8*c ref + c Right side: t = 0.8*t ref + t, c = 0.8*c ref A respondent will be randomly assigned one of these OR choice pairs. 58

7 Table 1. Design VTT intervals for different modes of travel Intervaller som VTT trekkes fra i 2-attributtspill Bil, korte reiser Kollektivtransport, korte Buss, lange reiser Intervall 1 Intervall 2 Intervall 3 Intervall Tog, lange reiser Bil, lange reiser Ferge som del av lang bilreise Fly Figure 1 illustrates the choice pairs. The coordinate in this figure is the cost and time for the reference trip. The quadrants of this figure present WTP, WTA, EG or EL respectively. In the quadrant WTP a trip with a higher cost than the cost of reference trip and a shorter travel time than the time of reference trip (such as trip A) is compared with the reference trip (the coordinate). In the quadrant WTA a trip with a lower cost than the cost of reference trip and longer travel time than the time of reference trip (such as trip B) is compared with the reference trip (the coordinate). In the quadrant EG the choice set is a trip that has the same cost as the reference trip but has a shorter travel time (such as trip E) and another trip that has the same travel time as the reference trip but costs less (such as trip F) In the quadrant EL the choice set is a trip that has the same cost as the reference trip but has a longer travel time (such as trip D) and another trip that has the same travel time as the reference trip but costs more (such as trip C). The OR (offreference) choice sets are generated in the EL and EG quadrants as illustrated on Figure 1. 59

8 Cost WTP A E C EL OR D Time OR EG F B WTA Figure 1. Presentation of the choice sets in the four quadrants of WTP, WTA, EG and EL The sequence of the 9 choice pairs will be described later in this section. CV question One CV question will follow the last choice pair in the experiment. The CV question will be constructed from the information in the last choice pair and stated choice of a respondent among the last choice pair. The formulations of the CV questions are as follows. Hvis respondenten har valgt alternativet i et WTA-valg Hvis respondenten har valgt referansereisen i et WTA-valg 60

9 Hvis respondenten har valgt alternativet i et WTP-valg Hvis respondenten har valgt referansereisen i et WTP-valg Sequence of questions in Choice experiment type A Each respondent receive 9 choice pairs followed by a CV question. The two alternative sequences of the stated choice questions (choice pairs), sequence I and II, as presented in Table 1a are assigned randomly to the respondents. Only the ninth choice is fixed within the two sequences. The order of the first 8 choices is random Table 1a. Choice pair sequences in Type A choice experiment Sequence I Choice set type for half of Choice respondents set no. 1 WTP (low VOT) 1 WTA (low VOT) 2 WTP (high VOT) 2 WTA (high VOT) 3 EG 3 EL 4 EG 4 EL 5 OR, EG-based 5 OR, EL-based 6 EL 6 EG 7 EL 7 EG 8 WTA (low VOT) 8 WTP (low VOT) Choise set no. Sequence II Choice set type for the other half of respondents 9 WTA (high VOT) 9 WTP (high VOT) CV type I CV type II 61

10 1.2 Cases of choice experiment type A All respondents, except those who answer to Walk/Cycle questionnaires, will get CE type A for their first choice experiment. In this case the time and cost of their reference trip will be the base time and the base cost in the experiment. Some of the respondents, except those who answer to Walk/Cycle questionnaires will get CE type A for their last choice experiment. In this case the time and cost of their alternative trip by a mode different from that of their reference trip mode will be the base time and the base cost in the experiment. Figure 2 shows an example of the presentation of a choice pair in this experiment. The exact location and scenarios for this type of experiments will be described on the relevant questionnaire. Figure 2. An example of a choice pair presentation, Type A, WTP Trip A Travel time: T minutes Travel cost: C NOK Trip B Travel time: T - ΔT minutes Travel cost: C + ΔC NOK Which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B 2. Design of choice experiment with 3 attributes, CE type B CE type B is a within mode experiment with 3 attributes. The respondents get 6 sets of choice pairs. 2.1 The design of choice experiments with three attributes The design of the choice experiments with three attributes follows the recommendation by de Jong et al. (2007). They use a similar design to the socalled Bradley design (see CE type A). The design avoids dominant alternatives in the choice pairs. We present a summary of the design of the CE type B with 3 attributes. The design presents the base levels of all three attributes in each choice pair. The base levels go into the Left or the Right alternative. The levels of the three attributes on the Left are different from the levels on the Right. 62

11 The procedure produces 48 structures. Figure 3 shows 12 of these (See de Jong et al. 2007, for more details). Figure 3. Design structure of CE type B Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right A 0 A A 0 A A 0 A A 0 A B 0 B B 0 B B B 0 B B 0 C 0 C C C 0 C 0 C C C 0 A 0 A A 0 A A 0 A A 0 A B 0 B B 0 B B B 0 B B 0 C 0 C C C 0 C 0 C C C 0 A 0 A A 0 A A 0 A A 0 A B 0 B B 0 B B B 0 B B 0 C 0 C C C 0 C 0 C C C 0 De Jong et al. describe the characteristics of this design as follows: Each choice pair has a base level of the three attributes. The base levels are either determined from the information provided by respondents in the questionnaire or determined as default values (see next section on attribute levels). All attributes have 5 levels including the base. Two have higher values than the base value and two have lower values than the base value. The attribute levels are combined in the choice pairs in such a way that none of the pairs has a dominant alternative. Table 2 presents the 96 choice pairs constructed following the described approach. By assigning 6 choice pairs (randomly) to a respondent 16 respondents cover the full choice pairs. We will not use dominant choice in the design. The following table show the 16 choice sets. In this table the three attributes are A, B and C. 63

12 Table 2. Level of attributes in the design choice sets in CE type B Subset Choice Pair no. A Left B Left C Left A Right B Right C Right

13 Table 2 (continued) Subset Choice Pair no. A Left B Left C Left A Right B Right C Right

14 Table 2 (continued) Subset Choice Pair no. A Left B Left C Left A Right B Right C Right Attribute levels in CE types B In the experiments with 3 attributes, 5 attribute levels will be used. The base values of some variables, such as cost and time of a trip, will be taken from the questionnaire. The base levels of some other attributes are determined by default Trip time and travel cost The base time will be the in-vehicle time for the reference trip. Transfer time for public transport or time used for breaks, running an errand, etc. for trips with car should not be included in the trip time. The base cost will be the total cost of the reference trip even when others have paid for part of the cost of the trip of a respondent. The five attribute levels for travel time and travel cost are constructed based on the base time and base cost of a reference trip according to the following Table 3 and Table 4. 66

15 Table 3. The levels of time attributes relative to base time of a trip with car Base time of a trip Change in base time of the trip (minutes) (minutes) level -2 Level 1 level 0 level 1 level Table 3b. The levels of time attributes relative to base time of a trip with scheduled modes other than Air and Ferry Base time of a trip Change in base time of the trip (minutes) (minutes) level -2 level 1 level 0 level 1 level

16 Tabell 3c: The levels of time attributes relative to base time of a trip with Air Base time of a trip Change in base time of the trip (minutes) (minutes) Level -2 level 1 level 0 level 1 level Tabell 3d: The levels of time attributes relative to base time of a trip with Ferry Base time of a trip Change in base time of the trip (minutes) (minutes) level -2 level 1 level 0 level 1 level

17 Table 4a. The levels of cost attributes relative to the base cost of a trip with car Base price of a trip Percentage change in base cost of the trip (NOK) level -2 Level 1 level 0 level 1 level ,50-0,30 0,00 0,26 0, ,50-0,25 0,00 0,10 0, ,40-0,12 0,00 0,10 0, ,40-0,11 0,00 0,08 0, ,35-0,09 0,00 0,08 0, ,30-0,08 0,00 0,06 0, ,23-0,07 0,00 0,06 0, ,20-0,07 0,00 0,06 0, ,22-0,07 0,00 0,06 0, ,33-0,08 0,00 0,06 0, ,30-0,08 0,00 0,06 0,42 Tabell 4d: The levels of cost attributes relative to the base cost with scheduled modes other than air and ferry Base cost of a trip Percentage change in base cost of the trip (NOK) level -2 level 1 level 0 level 1 level ,25-0,15 0,00 0,10 0, ,27-0,15 0,00 0,12 0, ,25-0,12 0,00 0,08 0, ,25-0,13 0,00 0,10 0, ,33-0,10 0,00 0,08 0, ,27-0,10 0,00 0,08 0, ,22-0,10 0,00 0,08 0, ,22-0,10 0,00 0,06 0, ,25-0,10 0,00 0,07 0, ,40-0,15 0,00 0,11 0, ,50-0,20 0,00 0,22 0,50 69

18 Tabell 4d: The levels of cost attributes relative to the base cost for Air Base cost of a trip Percentage change in base cost of the trip (NOK) (NOK) level -2 level 1 Level 0 level 1 level ,20-0,10 0,00 0,12 0, ,15-0,09 0,00 0,10 0, ,12-0,08 0,00 0,08 0, ,10-0,07 0,00 0,06 0, ,11-0,05 0,00 0,05 0, ,15-0,06 0,00 0,05 0, ,20-0,08 0,00 0,05 0,15 Tabell 4d: The levels of cost attributes relative to the base cost for Ferry Base Cost of a trip Percentage change in base cost of the trip (NOK) (NOK) level -2 level 1 level 0 level 1 level ,15-0,07 0,00 0,07 0, ,25-0,07 0,00 0,06 0, ,30-0,09 0,00 0,06 0, ,40-0,12 0,00 0,08 0, ,35-0,12 0,00 0,09 0, ,35-0,12 0,00 0,10 0, ,35-0,12 0,00 0,10 0, ,30-0,12 0,00 0,10 0, ,30-0,10 0,00 0,10 0, ,32-0,10 0,00 0,08 0, ,38-0,10 0,00 0,07 0, Level of congestion for car trips Level of congestion is defined as the percentage of the total trip time that a respondent experience congestion. For long distance travel with car we assume that the base level of congestion is depends on trip length, 10% of the total travel time for trips less than 150 km and 4% of trip time for trips over 150 km. Table 5A shows the 5 attribute levels of congestion relative to base of 10% and 4%. 70

19 For short distance travel the base level of congestion is connected to the reference trip as shown in Table 5B. This table also shows the 5 attribute levels for the level of congestion. Table 5A: Attribute levels for driving time in congested traffic, long distance travel with car time Travel distance Levels for congestion as a percentage of travel time level -2 level -1 level 0 level 1 level km 0 % 5 % 10 % 20 % 30 % > 150 km 0 % 2 % 4 % 8 % 12 % Table 5B: Attributtleveler for tid i kø med bil, korte reiser. Travel distance Levels for congestion as a percentage of travel time level -2 level -1 level 0 level 1 level 2 < 50 % 0 % 10 % 20 % 40 % 60 % > 50 % 0 % 15 % 30 % 50 % 80 % Sitting place for public transport Sitting place availability is defined as the percentage of on board travel time when sitting place is available. The base sitting place availability is connected to the reference trip as presented in Table 6. Table 6 also shows the 5 attribute levels for sitting place availability. Table 6. The levels of sitting place Level -2 level -1 level 0 level 1 level 2 All the time Most part Half of the ¼ of the time No sitting time place Reliability Reliability, Mean Variance approach In the first approach reliability is presented as a 5-point distribution of travel time duration (translated to arrival time). Tables 7A and 7B show 5 levels of 5-point distribution of changes in trip base time for car. Tables 8A and 8B show the corresponding for public transport. 71

20 Table 7A. Variability as a percentage of travel time for car trips up to 35 minutes Level -2 Level -1 Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 0,95 0,92 0,77 0,62 0, ,9 0,84 0, ,2 1,38 1,42 1,1 1,12 1,4 1,78 1,82 Table 7B. Variability as a percentage of travel time for car trips over 35 minutes Level -2 Level -1 Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 0,95 0,93 0,80 0,67 0, ,92 0,85 0, ,18 1,37 1,4 1,05 1,1 1,35 1,68 1,7 Table 8A: Variability as a percentage of travel time for scheduled modes up to 35 minutes Level -2 Level -1 Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 0,95 0,94 0,82 0,66 0, ,92 0,82 0, ,18 1,38 1,45 1,1 1,12 1,34 1,85 1,9 Table 8B: Variability as a percentage of travel time for scheduled modes over 35 minutes Level -2 Level -1 Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 0,95 0,94 0,83 0,72 0, ,95 0,85 0, ,2 1,33 1,38 1,05 1,08 1,4 1,72 1,75 72

21 Reliability Scheduling Approach In the second alternative the reliability will be examined through the preferred arrival time (see de Jong el al. 2007). Table 9 shows the 5 levels of arrival time relative to base time. Table 8. Arrival time, Early of Late, relative to base time in minutes for BaseTime Arrival Time level (min.) level 2 Level 1 level 0 level 1 level

22 3. Cases of CE type B The second choice experiment of for all respondents (except for walk and cycle) will be CE type B. Some of the respondents will also get CE type B for their third choice experiment (when the focus is on reliability). In the following section examples of CE type B are presented. 3.1 Congestion Figure 4 shows an example of the presentation of a choice pair with congestion as an attribute. In this example the 3 attributes are time, cost and congested driving time. Figure 4. Presentation of choice pairs for congestion Consider the following two car trips Trip A Total trip time: T min Congested driving time: X - ΔX min Total Cost: C NOK Trip B Total trip time: T + ΔT min Congested driving time: X min Total Cost: C ΔC NOK Which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B 3.2 Sitting place, Public transport Figure 6 shows an example of availability of sitting place in public transport Figure 6. Presentation of choice a pair for sitting place availability Consider the following two public transport trip Trip A Trip B Total travel time: T minutes Total travel time: T + ΔT minutes Sitting available: X - ΔX Sitting available: X Total Cost: C NOK Total Cost: C ΔC NOK Given everything else the same, which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B 74

23 3.3 Reliability Mean Variance Approach Figure 7 shows an example of the presentation of a choice pair in this experiment. In this example the attributes cost and variations in travel time. Figure 7. Presentation of reliability, Mean Variance Approach Consider the following two car trips. Trip A Cost: C NOK Variations in travel time: T Δt 1 T Δt 2 T T Δt 3 T Δt 4 Trip B Cost: C - ΔC NOK Variations in travel time T Δt 5 T T T Δt 6 T Δt 7 Which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B 3.4 Reliability Scheduling Approach Figure 8 shows an example of the presentation of a choice sets in this experiment. In this example the 3 attributes are time, cost and Early/ Late arrival at destination. Figure 8. Presentation of reliability, Scheduling Approach Consider the following two car trips Trip A: Total travel time: T minutes Arrival time: [- ΔX] ΔX minutes early Total Cost: C NOK Trip B: Total travel time: T + ΔT minutes Congested time: [X] On time Total Cost: C ΔC NOK Which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B 75

24 4. Cycle/walk choice experiments The choice experiments for walk and cycle are designed differently from the choice experiments for other modes. The first choice experiment will be a between mode game. The respondents will get to select an alternative mode (car or public transport) for their reported walk/cycle trip. This purpose for this experiment is experiment to establish a value of travel time for walk/cycle. The two following choice experiments will be constructed with 3 attributes of which one is the total walk/cycle time. The other two attributes are selected among the following attributes: 1. Cycle path (C-Path) (for cyclist only) 2. Separate walk and cycle path (C/W-Path) 3. Number of stops at intersection (NoS) 4. Level of maintenance of cycle path/sidewalk, e.g. removal of ice, snow, gravel, etc. (LoM) The choice experiments for walk are: 1. Mode choice experiment: Walk and Car/Public Transport (attribute: total walk time, total in vehicle time and total cost of the trip with car or public transport) 2. Within mode experiment (attributes: total walk time, C/W path, NoS) 3. Within mode experiment (attributes: total walk time, C/W path, LoM) The choice experiments for cycle are: 1. Mode choice experiment: Cycle and Car or Public Transport (attribute: total cycle time, total in vehicle time and total cost of the trip with car or public transport) 2. Within mode experiment (attributes: total cycle time, C-Path, NoS) 3. Within mode experiment (attributes: total walk time, C-Path, C/W-Path) 4. Within mode experiment (attributes: total walk time, C-Path, LoM) Note that a respondent gets only three choice experiments. Hence two experiments will be randomly among 2, 3, and 4 choice experiments for cycle. 4.1 Between-mode choice experiment for Walk/Cycle, CE type C The base time for walk/cycle is based is randomly assigned to respondents and therefore detached from the reported reference trips (see Appendix X for details). 76

25 A respondent is asked to choose an alternative mode (car or public transport) to replace the reference walk/cycle trip. The travel time and cost of the alternative mode constitute the base time and base cost of alternative mode (car or public transport). 3 levels of each of these attributes will be based on Tables 3 and 4. The choice experiment will be a randomised factorial design (without dominants). Each respondent will get 8 choice pairs in this experiment. Figure 9 shows an example of the presentation of this experiment The order of presentation of Walk/Cycle and Alternative mode should change randomly. Figure 9 Presentation of choice pairs for between-mode choice experiment Consider two alternative trips Trip A: Walk Total walk time: T minutes Separate Walk Path: all the way Trip B: Public Transport Total time: T minutes Total cost: C NOK Which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B 4.2 Within mode choice experiment for walk (attributes: Total time, C/W-Path and NoS): CE Type D The total time of the reference walk trip is the base time for walk. The five attribute levels for walk time are constructed according to Table 3. The base level of C/W-Path is defined by default and the five attribute levels are constructed according to Table 10. The base number of stops is also based on the reference walk trip. The five attribute levels for number of stops are constructed according to Table 11. Table 10. Attribute levels for C/W-Path, in percent of distance Level 2 Level-1 Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 80% 50% 30% 15% 0% 60% 40% 20% 10% 0% 77

26 Table 11. Attribute levels for no. of crossing at stops. Difference from the crossing in reference trip Change in no. of stops (relative to base) Base no. of stops level 2 Level 1 level 0 level 1 level As illustrated in Table 11 when the base number of stops is zero, level 2 and level 1 are also zero. There is also a similar problem when base number of stops is 1. In this case level 2 and level 1 are both 1. The design structure for this choice experiment (3 attribute with 5 levels) basically follows CE type B when the number of stops is more than 2. When the base number of stops is 1 the choice pairs with the attribute level 1 should be eliminated. Table 12 shows the possible 72 choice pairs or 12 choice sets of 6 pairs. When the base number of stops is 0 the choice pairs with the attribute levels 2 and level 1 should be eliminated. That will leave us with 48 choice pairs or 8 choice sets of 6 choice pairs. Table 13 show the choice pairs grouped in 12 choice sets of 6 choice pairs. In summary the design structure of type D is as follow: 1. Use Table 2 when base number of stops equal to two or more 2. Use Table 12 when base number of stops equal to one 3. Use Table 13 when base number of stops equal to zero 78

27 Table 12. Level of attributes in the design when no of stops is one Choice sets Subset Choice Pair no. Total time Left Separate path Left No. of Stops Left Total time Right Separate path Right No. of Stops Right

28 Table 12 (continued) Subset Choice Pair no. Total time Left Separate path Left No. of Stops Left Total time Right Separate path Right No. of Stops Right

29 Table 12 (continued) Subset Choice Pair no. Total time Left Separate path Left No. of Stops Left Total time Right Separate path Right No. of Stops Right

30 Table 12(Continued) Subset Choice Pair no. Total time Left Separate path Left No. of Stops Left Total time Right Separate path Right No. of Stops Right An alternative for CE Type D A simplification of the design suggested above is to use Table 13 for the construction of the five levels of attributes of number of stops. Note that in this case, when the number of stops in the reference trip is one the base number of stops will be set to -1. In summary the procedure for CE type D is as follow: 1. Use Table 2 when base number of stops equal to two or more 2. Use Table 12 when base number of stops equal to one or zero Table 13. Change in number of stops relative to base number of Change in no. of stops (relative to base) Base no. of stops level 2 Level 1 level 0 level 1 level Figure 10 illustrates an example of this choice pairs. Each respondent get 6 choice pairs in CE type D. 82

31 Figure 10 Presentation of choice pairs for Consider the following two trips as pedestrian Trip A Trip B Total walk time: T minutes Total walk time: T + ΔT minutes Time C/W path: T c/w ΔT c/w No. of Stops: S C/W path: T c/w No. of stops: S ΔS Given everything else the same, which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B 4.2 Within mode choice experiment for walk (attributes: Total time, C/W- Path and LoM) CE Type B The reference walk trip total trip time is base time for walk. The five attribute levels for walk time are constructed based on the base time according to Table 3. The base level of provision of C/W-Path and is defined by default and the five attribute levels of provision are constructed according to Table 10. The base level of maintenance is defined by default. Table 14 shows the default and the assumed five attribute levels of maintenance. Table 14. Maintained sidewalk or cycle path level 2 Level 1 level 0 Level 1 level 2 100% 80% 50% 30% 10% Table 15 Attribute levels for ice and snow cleaning level 2 Level 1 level 0 Level 1 level 2 All the way All the way Most of the way Part of the way None The choice experiment in this case is CE type B. Each respondent gets a set of 6 choice pairs. Figure 11 illustrates an example. 83

32 Figure 11. Presentation of choice pairs (Total time, C/W path and LoM) Consider the following two trips: Trip A Total travel time: T minutes C/W path: T c/w +ΔT c/w minutes Maintained: T LoM minutes Trip B Total travel time: T + ΔT minutes C/W path: T minutes Maintained: T LoM +ΔT LoM minutes Which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B 4.3 Within mode Choice experiment for Cycle (attributes: Total time, C- Path and NoS): CE Type D The reference cycle trip total trip time is base time for cycle. The five attribute levels for cycle time are constructed based on the base time according to Table 3. The base level of provision of C-Path and is defined by default and the five attribute levels of provision are constructed according to Table 10. The base number of stops is also connected to the reference cycle trip. The five attribute levels for number of stops are constructed based on the base number of stops according to the following Table 11 or alternatively Table 14. The design will be identical to the one described in section Within mode experiment (attributes: total walk time, C-Path, C/W- Path) CE type E There are 3 attributes in this experiment. These are: Total time Percentage of cycling distance/time with C-Path Percentage of cycling distance/time with C/W- Path The reference cycle trip total trip time is base time for cycle. The five attribute levels for walk time are constructed based on the base time according to the following Table 3. Attribute levels for separate Cycle Path from traffic (C-Path) and separate Cycle Path from pedestrians and traffic (C/W-Path) as a percentage of the total cycling distance are presented in Table

33 The sum of the C-Path and C/W-Path distance/time should not be larger than the total cycle distance/time. Some of the choice pairs presented in Table 2 will not be meet this condition. In this case there will be all together 48 choice pairs that will be allocated to 8 respondents, i.e., each respondent gets a set of 6 choice pairs. Figure 12 illustrates the presentation of a choice pair in this type of experiment. Figure 12. Presentation of choice pairs (Total time, C/W path and C path) Consider the following two trips: Trip A Total travel time: T minutes C/W path: T c/w +ΔT c/w minutes C path: T C minutes Trip B Total travel time: T + ΔT minutes C/W path: T c/w minutes C path: T C +ΔT C minutes Which one do you prefer? Trip A Trip B Table 16. Level of attributes in the choice experiment type E Choice sets med 8 sett. Subset Choice Pair no. Total time Left Separate path Left No. of Stops Left Total time Right Separate path Right No. of Stops Right

34 Subset Choice Pair no. Total time Left Separate path Left No. of Stops Left Total time Right Separate path Right No. of Stops Right Within mode choice experiment for cycle (attributes: Total time, C- Path and LoM) CE Type B The reference cycle trip total trip time is base time for cycle. The five attribute levels for walk cycle are constructed based on the base time according to Table 3. The base level of provision of C/W-Path and is defined by default and the five attribute levels of provision are constructed according to Table 10. The base level of maintenance is defined by default. Table 15 shows the default and the assumed five attribute levels of maintenance. 86

35 The choice experiment in this case is of type CE type B. Each respondent gets a set of 6 choice pairs Reference de Jong G, Y. Tseng, M. Kouwenhoven, E.Verhoef and J. Bates 2007: The value of travel time and travel time reliability. Survey design. Final report. For the Netherlands Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. 87

36 88

37 Appendix III Design of between mode experiment for Walk and Cycle The between mode experiment for walk and cycle will not use any of the reference (base values reported by the respondents), i.e., will not use the base time of walk or cycle. 1. Procedure for walk 1. The respondent will be randomly assigned a walk base time, W_base_T, among the following 10 values: 12, 14, 18, 23, 28, 34, 37, 43, 46 and The base time for the alternative mode (car or public transport), Alt_base_T is calculated from W_base_T as follow: Alt_base_T= 0,4* W_base_T 3. The base cost for the alternative mode, Alt_Base_C in NOK is calculated as follow Alt_base_C = 1,4* W_base_T for W_base_T < 29 Alt_base_C = 0,6* W_base_T for W_base_T Use a fractional factorial type design, with 3 attribute levels for Walk time, Alternative mode time and Alternative mode cost as follow: Attribute levels for Walk Time: W_base_T 30% (W_base_T) W_base_T for W_base_T < 29 W_base_T +30% (W_base_T) and W_base_T 25% (W_base_T) W_base_T for W_base_T 30 W_base_T +25% (W_base_T) 89

38 Attribute levels for Alternative mode time: Alt_base_T 30% (Alt_base_T) Alt_base_T for W_base_T < 29 Alt_base_T +30% (Alt_base_T) and Alt_base_T 25% (Alt_base_T) Alt_base_T for W_base_T 30 Alt_base_T +25% (Alt_base_T) Attribute levels for Alternative mode cost: Alt_base_C 30% (Alt_base_C) Alt_base_C Alt_base_C +30% (Alt_base_C) Assign randomly separate walk path most of the way and no separate walk path as a second attribute (in addition to walk time) to the alternative walk. 90

39 2. Procedure for Cycle 1. The respondent will randomly be assigned a cycle base time, C_base_T, among: 15, 21, 26, 32, 38, 43, 52, 58, 61, and The base time for alternative mode (car or public transport), Alt_base_T, is calculated from C_base_T as follow: Alt_base_T= 0,4* C_base_T 3. The cost for alternative mode, Alt_base_C in NOK is calculated as follow Alt_base_C = 1,4* C_base_T for C_base_T < 29 Alt_base_C = 0,6* C_base_T for 30 C_base_T < 59 Alt_base_C = 0,35* C_base_T for C_base_T Use a fractional factorial type design, with 3 attribute levels for Walk time, Alternative mode time and Alternative mode cost as follow: Attribute levels for Cycle Time: C_base_T 30% (C_base_T) C_base_T for C_base_T < 29 C_base_T +30% (C_base_T) And C_base_T 25% (C_base_T) C_base_T for C_base_T 30 C_base_T +25% (C_base_T) Attribute levels for Alternative mode time: Alt_base_T 30% (Alt_base_T) Alt_base_T for C_base_T < 29 Alt_base_T +30% (A_base_T) 91

40 Alt_base_T 25% (Alt_base_T) Alt_base_T for C_base_T 30 Alt_base_T + 25% (Alt_base_T) Attribute levels for Alternative mode cost: Alt_base_C 30% (Alt_base_C) Alt_base_C Alt_base_C +30% (Alt_base_C) Assign randomly separate cycle path most of the way and no separate cycle path as a second to the alternative walk. 92

41 Vedlegg IV Spørreskjema Felles innledende spørsmål Fellestekst1 Fellestekst2 Fellestekst3 93

42 A1 A2 I3 Hvis 0: I1. Hvis >0: GS1cycle GS1cycle Routes til gang/sykkel-skjema I1 94

43 Hvis alternativ 3: I2. Ellers: I3. I2 Hvis 0: I4. Hvis >0: GS1walk GS1walk Routes til gang/sykkel I4 Hvis ja: Routes til lange reiser. Hvis nei: Routes til korte reiser. Variant for de som ble rekruttert på hurtigbåter Ikke I1, I2, I3, I4. 95

44 Istedet: I4A. Stemmer det at du nylig gjennomførte en reise med hurtigbåt? o Ja, jeg hadde en hurtigbåtreise på under 100 km o Ja, jeg hadde en hurtigbåtreise på 100 km eller mer o Nei, jeg har ikke reist med hurtigbåt siste 10 dager Hvis reise under 100 km: Til korte reiser Hvis reise over 100 km: Til lange reiser Hvis nei: Ut Variant for de som ble rekruttert på flyplass Innledning som ellers. Får ikke I1, I2, I3, I4. Går til lange reiser. Spørreskjema for korte reiser Reisedagbok 96

45 K1 K2 Hvis ja: K4II. Hvis nei. K3. K3 Hvis ja: K4. Hvis nei: Går ut av undersøkelsen K4 K4II 97

46 K5 K5RD_ Det er opptil 5 rader i tabellen, avhengig av oppgitt antall reiser i K5. Teksten over tabellen er: I tabellen ("Reisedagboken") under skal du velge startsted, hensikt med reisen og hovedtransportmiddel per reise. Med hovedtransportmiddel menes det transportmiddel du brukte på den lengste delen (i kilometer) av reisen. Du skal også anslå reiselengden og reisetiden, per reise, på hovedtransportmiddelet. For eksempel, tenk deg at du på reise til arbeid benytter både buss og T-bane, men at den lengste delen av reisen foregår med T-bane (i km). Da skal du oppgi reisetid og ca antall km på den delen av reisen der du benytter T-bane. Lykke til med utfyllningen! Dersom du synes det er vanskelig å svare, skriv inn det du tror eller gjetter er omtrent riktig. Husk at 1 mil = 10 km. Du må fylle ut alle rubrikkene for å komme videre. Ved reisetid null timer/minutter vennligst velg alternativet "0" i listen. Kolonneoverskriftene er: Hoved- Startsted Reisehensikt transportmiddel Reiselengde Reisetid 98

47 Skjermbilde: Må svare for å komme videre. Kriterier for valg av reise fra reisedagboka: Hvis en respondent har fylt ut flere korte reiser i reisedagboka, skal valg av referansereise gjøres etter følgende prioritering: a) Respondenten går ut av undersøkelsen hvis reisedagboka kun inneholder reiser med en eller flere av følgende egenskaper: - Reisetid under 10 minutter - Tjenestereise - Bil, som passasjer - Transportmiddel Annet b) Reiser med egenskaper som er listet opp under a), velges ikke som referansereise. c) Båt/ferge-reise velges dersom det finns. Ellers velges det tilfeldig. Kriteriet om lengste reise er overflødig nå som ingen reiser er under 10 minutter. Hvis respondenten skal gå ut av undersøkelsen: Eller: 99

48 Hvis #transportmiddel# er sykkel eller gange, gå til spørreskjemaet for sykkel/gange. K16A Til de som får valgt ut en bilreise: Script er opplysninger fra reisedagboka. Hvis ja: K17A. Hvis nei: K23. [ bilreise burde vært bilreisen ] K17A Script er opplysninger fra reisedagboka.( Femte er et eksempel.) Hvis passasjer i bil på fergen: Ut av undersøkelsen Hvis bilfører i bil på fergen: K18 Hvis passasjer på fergen uten bil: K24. Behandles som kollektivreisende ( Båt ). 100

49 K18 Til de som har brukt ferje på en bilreise Her kommer de inn som har brukt ferje på en bilreise fra skjema for lange reiser Må svare for å komme videre. K19 Må svare for å komme videre. K20 K21 101

50 K22 Må svare for å komme videre. De som har kostnad på 8 kroner eller mindre fra K22: K23 Til de som ikke har bilreise med ferje Opplysninger fra reisedagboka settes inn. ( Femte er et eksempel.) Heretter står følgende tabell øverst på hver side: Opplysninger fra reisedagboka vises, evt. opplysninger om ferjereise innhentet etter reisedagboka. 102

51 K24 I fortsettelsen er SCRIPT transportmiddelet på referansereisen, om ikke annet er spesifisert. K25 K26 Bilførere hopper til K31. K28 Til alle som ikke har brukt bil på referansereisen Hvis ja: K29. Hvis nei: K35 Må svare for å komme videre. 103

52 K29 Kan ikke svare 0. K30 Må svare for å komme videre. K31 Til bilreisende Hvis ja: K31a. Hvis nei: K33 K31a Til bilreisende K32 Til bilreisende Må svare for å komme videre. 104

53 K33 Til bilreisende Hvis ja: K34. Hvis nei: K37 K34 Til bilreisende K35 Til kollektivreisende Hvis ja: K36. Hvis nei eller vet ikke: K37 K36 Til kollektivreisende 105

54 K37 Til alle Hvis ja: K38. Hvis nei eller vet ikke: K42 K38 K41 K42 Til alle 106

55 K43 Antall minutter fra reisedagboka (eller ferjespørsmålene, hvis bil på ferje) Hvis ja: K45 hvis kollektivreisende, K48 hvis bilreisende. Hvis nei: K44. Må svare for å komme videre. K44 Må svare for å komme videre. K45 Til kollektivreisende K46 Til kollektivreisende Hvis ja: K48. Hvis nei: K

56 K47 K48 Til alle Hvis ja: K49. Hvis nei: K50 hvis kollektivreisende, K53 hvis bilreisende. K49 108

57 K50 Til kollektivreisende Hvis enkeltbillett: K50b Hvis månedskort osv. eller klippekort: K50a Hvis annet: K51a Må svare for å komme videre. K50b Til kollektivreisende som brukte enkeltbillett Gå til K59 Må svare for å komme videre. K50a Til kollektivreisende som brukte kort Hvis beregnet kostnad pr reise blir 15 kroner eller mer: K51 Hvis beregnet kostnad pr reise blir mindre enn 15 kroner: K51a Må svare for å komme videre. 109

58 K51 Til kollektivreisende med beregnet kostnad pr reise 15 kroner Hvis ja: K59. Hvis nei: K52 Må svare for å komme videre. K51a Til kollektivreisende med beregnet kostnad < 15 kroner eller svar Annet i K50 Gå til K52a Må svare for å komme videre. K52a Til kollektivreisende med beregnet kostnad < 15 kroner Hopp til K59 K52 Til kollektivreisende som ikke godtok beregnet kostnad Må svare for å komme videre. Til de som har kostnad på 8 kroner eller mindre fra 50A, 50B, 51A eller 52 (K50B <=8 eller K50A_r1_c1/K50A_r2_c1 <= 8 eller K51A <= 8 eller K52 <= 8) 110

59 K53 Til bilreisende Hvis ja: K54. Hvis nei: K55 Må svare for å komme videre. K54 Til bilreisende Må svare for å komme videre. K55 Til bilreisende Hvis ja: K57. Hvis nei: K56. Må svare for å komme videre. 111

60 K56 Til bilreisende Må svare for å komme videre. Til de som har kostnad på 8 kroner eller mindre (K55 = 1 og (1.8*RDle_V + K54 <= 8)) eller (K55 = 2 og (K56*RDle_V + K54 <= 8)) K57 Til bilreisende (beregnede tall vises, ikke 0 ) K59 Til alle 112

61 K60 Til alle K60A Til alle CE1 CEinfo Script er transportmiddel. Ulike verdier vises, ikke

62 9 valg av denne typen. Generering av nivåer og parvise valg K62 CV-spørsmål avhengig av svar i niende valg i sekvensen ovenfor. Hvis respondenten har valgt alternativet i et WTA-valg Hvis respondenten har valgt referansereisen i et WTA-valg 114

63 Hvis respondenten har valgt alternativet i et WTP-valg Hvis respondenten har valgt referansereisen i et WTP-valg K64A Hvis reisetid: K64B Hvis kostnad: K64C K64B 115

64 K64C CE2 2CCS Køkjøring Bil (Verdiene i dette eksemplet er ikke reelle.) 6 valg Tabell for reisetid: 2A Tabell for tid i kø: 5B Tabell for kostnad: 3A Tabell for choice sets : 1A 116

65 K76 K77 Hvis kun ett alternativ er krysset av: K78. Hvis to og bare to alternativer er krysset av: K79 Hvis alle tre er krysset av: Går til CE3. K78 Script er den som ble krysset av i K77. K79 Script er den som ikke ble krysset av i K77. Routes til CE3 alternativt transportmiddel. 117

66 21CB Reliability I Car Intro (Verdiene i denne illustrasjonen er ikke reelle) 6 valg Tabell for reisetid: 2A Tabell for variasjon i reisetid: 6A Tabell for kostnad: 3A Tabell for choice sets : 1A 118

67 KL66 KL67 Hvis kun ett alternativ er krysset av: KL68. Hvis begge to er krysset av: Går til CE3. KL68 21NB Reliability I PT, Rail, Bus, Boat Intro 119

68 6 valg Tabell for reisetid: 2B Tabell for variasjon i reisetid: 6B Tabell for kostnad: 3B Tabell for choice sets : 1A KL66, KL 67, KL 68 Se ovenfor Routes til Pålitelighet II 2EPS PT, Rail, Bus, Boat Intro (Verdiene i dette eksemplet er ikke reelle.) 120

69 6 valg Tabell for reisetid: 2B Tabell for sitteplassmulighet: 4 Tabell for kostnad: 3B Tabell for choice sets : 1A K81 K82 Hvis kun ett alternativ er krysset av: K83. Hvis to og bare to alternativer er krysset av: K84 Hvis alle tre er krysset av: Går til CE3. 121

70 K83 Script er den som ble krysset av i K82. K84 Script er den som ikke ble krysset av i K82. Routes til CE3 alternativt transportmiddel 21FB Reliability I Ferry Intro (Verdiene i denne illustrasjonen er ikke reelle) 122

71 6 valg Tabell for reisetid: 2D Tabell for variasjon i reisetid: 6B Tabell for kostnad: 3D Tabell for choice sets : 1A KL66, KL 67, KL 68 Se ovenfor Routes til Pålitelighet II. CE3 3MAS Alternative mode Car; PT, Rail, Bus, Boat For at ingen skal få som alternativ det transportmiddelet de allerede bruker, fjernes det fra svaralternativene i de følgende spørsmålene. 123

72 K86bil K86Trikk K86Tbane 124

73 K86Buss K86Tog K87 Til de som har oppgitt at de ikke har noe alternativt transportmiddel Hvis ja: Gå til «FaktaReise». Hvis nei: Gå til felles avsluttende spørsmål. FaktaReise Reisetid og kostnad er beregnet ved hjelp av lengden på referansereisen: Tid = 60 * lengde / 40 minutter Kostnad = 1,23 * (15 + lengde) kroner 125

74 K88 Til de som har annet enn bil som alternativ (transportmiddel vises i teksten) Må svare for å komme videre. K89 Til de som har annet enn bil som alternativ Må svare for å komme videre. K90 Til de som har annet enn bil som alternativ 126

75 K91 Til de som har bil som alternativ Script er opplysninger fra reisedagboka (evt. ferjespørsmålene) K92 Til de som har bil som alternativ Hvis ja: K93. Hvis nei: K93A Må svare for å komme videre. K93 Til de som har bil som alternativ og må betale bompenger Må svare for å komme videre. K93A Til de som har bil som alternativ Hvis ja : K93B. Hvis nei eller vet ikke : K94. Må svare for å komme videre. 127